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Formatted text

technology Maturity 11-13 Next article →

In the world of computing, text can appear in many different ways. Most basic text is called plain text. Plain text only shows the characters themselves without any extra design. Formatted text, also known as styled text or rich text, goes much further. It includes information that changes how the text looks to a reader. This can include different colors and various font sizes. It also includes styles like boldface or italics. In some digital environments like HTML, it can even include special features like hyperlinks.

Formatting has its origins in the era of typewritten manuscripts. Before computers existed, people used underscoring to make certain passages stand out. When early interactive computer systems arrived, they could not perform underlining. Users also dealt with the limitations of ASCII, which lacked formatting options. To show emphasis, people had to invent clever substitutes. They used capitalization to make words look important. They also used symbols like underscores or asterisks around words. Spacing was another way to create a visual difference.

One modern way to handle formatting is through markup languages. These languages use specific tags to tell the computer how to style text. These tags are different from the body text because they use special characters. For example, HTML uses angle brackets to define its tags. To make text italic, a user must include an opening italics tag and a closing tag. This ensures the computer knows exactly where the style begins and ends. LaTeX is another type of markup language used for this purpose. Most markup languages can be edited with a simple text editor.

There is also a method called WYSIWYG, which stands for "what you see is what you get." This style of editing was introduced with MacWrite, the first WYSIWYG word processor. In these programs, the typist codes the formatting visually. You do not have to type in text markup codes to see the result. Instead, you interact with the styles directly on the screen. This allows for a more immediate way to design a document.

Most modern word processors tend to save their work as binary files. This is different from the way markup languages work. In a binary file, the formatting information is embedded within the file. Sometimes these characters are placed around the text, as seen in WordPerfect. Other times, they are kept separate at the beginning or end of the file. Microsoft Word is a common example of a program that uses this method. However, binary files have certain disadvantages that users should understand.

One major issue with binary files is the scope of the formatting. In markup languages, the extent of a style is clearly marked by tags. In WYSIWYG programs, formatting is often based on the computer's memory. For instance, a program might keep a boldface setting active until you manually cancel it. This can lead to mistakes or difficulty when maintaining a document. Another problem is secrecy. Many binary file formats are proprietary, meaning they are owned by a company and undocumented. This makes it difficult for third-party developers to create compatible software.

Different programs use different approaches to file storage. WordStar was a popular word processor that did not use binary files with hidden characters. OpenOffice.org Writer uses an XML format to save files. However, the final file is still considered a binary because it is compressed. PDF is another very common formatted text format. It is usually a binary file that uses compression for both text and graphics. PDF files also store fonts in a binary format.

PDF is generally considered an end-user format. It is typically created by an application like Microsoft Word or OpenOffice.org Writer. Once a document is converted to a PDF, it is generally not editable by the user. This makes it a useful tool for sharing finished work. Understanding these different formats helps us see how digital information is structured and shared. From simple ASCII symbols to complex binary files, the way we style text continues to evolve.

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