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Fish meal

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Fish meal is a concentrated commercial product used to feed many types of animals. It is made from whole wild-caught fish, bycatch, and various fish by-products.

Fishmeal powder
Fishmeal powder

Because it is calorically dense and inexpensive to produce, it plays a vital role in modern agriculture. It supports the growth of factory farms by providing necessary nutrients for pigs, poultry, and farmed fish. While it helps produce more food for the global population, its large-scale production is a subject of much debate.

Heogan Fishmeal Factory, Bressay - geograph.org.uk - 1444467
Heogan Fishmeal Factory, Bressay - geograph.org.uk - 1444467

Modern industrial production follows a precise sequence of mechanical steps to transform raw seafood into a stable powder. First, the fish enter a commercial cooker, which is a long, steam-jacketed cylinder. This cooking stage is critical because improper temperatures can prevent liquid extraction or make the material too soft. Next, the cooked fish undergoes pressing inside a perforated tube. This process expels liquids, reducing the water content from 70% to about 50% and the oil content to 4%. The remaining solid is known as press cake.

Fish Meal Factory, Westfield, West Lothian
Fish Meal Factory, Westfield, West Lothian

The third stage is drying, which prevents the growth of harmful bacteria or molds. Manufacturers use two main methods for this. In direct drying, very hot air at 500 °C is passed over the material in a cylindrical drum. In indirect drying, the meal is tumbled inside a cylinder containing steam-heated discs. Finally, the dried material goes through a mill, often a hammer mill. This grinding step removes any remaining lumps or bone particles to create a fine consistency.

History shows that humans have used fish parts for animal feed for many centuries. In the 14th century, Marco Polo recorded that various animals, including camels and horses, ate dried fish without dislike. As early as 800 AD, people in Norway used herring as an industrial material. They used a primitive method involving wooden boards and stones to press out the oil. Before 1910, fish meal was used primarily as a fertilizer in the United Kingdom. Today, its primary role has shifted to serving as a protein supplement in compound animal feed.

Global demand for fish meal is driven by changing dietary habits and the rise of aquaculture. As people in developed nations move away from red meat, the demand for farmed fish has grown. By 2016, farmed fish accounted for half of all fish consumed worldwide. This shift has caused a significant increase in the need for fish meal. As of 2010, the distribution of fish meal was quite specific: 56% went to farmed fish, 20% to pigs, and 12% to poultry. The remaining 12% was used for other purposes, including fertilizer.

The scale of this industry is massive and involves significant biological resources. It takes approximately four to five tons of fish to produce just one ton of fish meal. Every year, about six million tons of fish are harvested specifically for this purpose. High-quality fish meal is valued for its nutrient density, often containing between 60% and 72% crude protein by weight. It is also a primary source of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, the cost can be high, ranging from $385 to $554 per ton since 2000.

Despite its benefits, the production of fish meal carries serious environmental and safety risks. The industry can contribute to over-fishing, which may push marine ecosystems beyond their ability to recover. In 2022, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) expressed concern regarding the overexploitation of fish in West Africa. There are also safety concerns regarding spontaneous combustion caused by the oxidation of fatty acids. To prevent fires on factory ships, manufacturers add antioxidants like ethoxyquin to the meal. Additionally, recent studies have noted the presence of plastic pollution in various fish meal products globally.

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🖼️ Images & Media (3)
File:Fishmeal powder.jpg
Fishmeal powder.jpg
File:Heogan Fishmeal Factory, Bressay - geograph.org.uk - 1444467.jpg
Heogan Fishmeal Factory, Bressay -...
File:Fish Meal Factory, Westfield, West Lothian.jpg
Fish Meal Factory, Westfield, West Lothian.jpg
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