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Fish farming

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Fish farming, also known as pisciculture, is the commercial breeding of fish. Most fish are raised for human food. This practice is a specific type of aquaculture. Aquaculture is the controlled cultivation of aquatic animals. This includes fish, crustaceans, and molluscs in natural or pseudo-natural environments.

Fish farm Amarynthos Euboea Greece - edit1
Fish farm Amarynthos Euboea Greece - edit1

Some facilities are called hatcheries. These hatcheries release juvenile fish into the wild. This helps recreational fishing or supplements natural species numbers. Fish farming is vital because global demand for fish protein is rising. This demand has caused overfishing in many wild fisheries. Overfishing leads to decreased fish stocks and even complete depletion in some areas.

There are two main methods of aquaculture: extensive and intensive. Extensive aquaculture is the oldest method. It likely originated in China about 4,000 years ago. In these systems, fish live in natural bodies of water or artificial ponds. They rely on natural resources to feed and reproduce. This requires very little external labor or feed. However, converting lakes or ponds into farms can threaten local habitats. It may also introduce invasive species into the environment.

Intensive aquaculture is much more controlled and technical. Farmers provide sufficient feeding, protection, and veterinarian services. They also provide access to easy harvesting. These systems can increase fish production per unit of surface area. However, they require massive water purification systems. Farmers must maintain optimal water parameters to prevent stress. These parameters include acidity (pH 6–9) and oxygen levels. They also monitor ammonia, nitrates, and dissolved solids.

Unifish fish farm
Unifish fish farm

High-intensity systems, called Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS), recycle water. RAS is used for high-value species like sturgeon. This method has high capital and operating costs.

Feeding is a critical part of intensive farming. Fish have a high feed conversion ratio (FCR). This means they are very efficient at turning food into body mass. For example, salmon have an FCR of about 1.1 kg of feed per kg of fish. In contrast, chickens have an FCR of about 2.5 kg. Because fish do not use energy to keep warm, they need less carbohydrate. However, carnivorous fish like salmon often require fishmeal. This fishmeal is extracted from wild forage fish. This can sometimes reduce the benefits for wild fisheries.

Aufzuchtbecken
Aufzuchtbecken

Farmers use different structures to house their fish. Cage systems are common in lakes, rivers, or oceans. This is sometimes called off-shore cultivation when done in the sea.

2019-03-16 01 Aquaculture in Chile
2019-03-16 01 Aquaculture in Chile

Cages protect fish until they reach market size. Some new technology uses semi-submersible marine designs. For instance, the Ocean Farm 1 project in Norway uses deep-sea pens. These pens help disperse waste better than coastal farms. This supports higher fish packing density.

Sustainable fish farming 010
Sustainable fish farming 010

Fish farming is a massive global industry. China is the largest producer, providing 62% of the world's farmed fish. Between 2000 and 2018, aquaculture grew by 5.3 percent annually. Production rose from 32.4 million tonnes to 82.1 million tonnes. As of 2016, more than 50% of all seafood came from aquaculture.

World capture fisheries and aquaculture production by production source
World capture fisheries and aquaculture production by production source

Many species are grown, including carp, catfish, salmon, and tilapia. In 2013, grass carp and silver carp were among the top species by weight. The industry also supports the aquarium trade. Most freshwater aquarium fish come from farms in Asia, Europe, and South America.

Despite its benefits, fish farming faces several challenges. Overcrowding can cause stress, injuries, and disease. Parasites like fish lice or bacteria can spread to wild populations. There is also the risk of fish escapes. In 2017, nearly 300,000 Atlantic salmon escaped in Washington state. This can endanger native species like the Pacific salmon. Marine Scotland has recorded over 3.7 million fish escaping since 1999. Environmentalists also worry about water pollution from these facilities. Scientists continue to study ways to make farming more sustainable.

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🖼️ Images & Media (12)
File:Fish farm Amarynthos Euboea Greece - edit1.jpg
Fish farm Amarynthos Euboea Greece - edit1.jpg
File:World capture fisheries and aquaculture production by production source.svg
World capture fisheries and aquaculture...
File:Abstreifen.JPG
Abstreifen.JPG
File:Aufzuchtbecken.JPG
Aufzuchtbecken.JPG
File:Giant.gourami.arp.jpg
Giant.gourami.arp.jpg
File:Sustainable fish farming 010.jpg
Sustainable fish farming 010.jpg
File:2019-03-16 01 Aquaculture in Chile.jpg
2019-03-16 01 Aquaculture in Chile.jpg
File:8232Bantay Insik Bulaoen West Sison, Pangasinan 24.jpg
8232Bantay Insik Bulaoen West Sison,...
File:Morning view, Laguna de Bay, from Hotel Vivere - panoramio.jpg
Morning view, Laguna de Bay, from Hotel...
File:Community fish-farming ponds in the rural town of Masi Manimba, DRC (7609946524).jpg
Community fish-farming ponds in the rural...
File:Unifish fish farm.JPG
Unifish fish farm.JPG
File:Criadero de peces en el Lago Titicaca cerca de Copacabana Bolivia.jpg
Criadero de peces en el Lago Titicaca...
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