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Film editing

arts Maturity 9-11 Next article →

Film editing is both a creative and a technical part of the post-production process in filmmaking. It is the art and practice of assembling individual shots into a coherent sequence. An editor works with raw footage to select the highest quality shots. They remove unnecessary frames to ensure every shot is clean. This process transforms separate pieces of film into a finished motion picture. Many people call editing "the invisible art." This is because effective editing can captivate a viewer without them noticing the cuts.

Fotothek df pk 0000165 012
Fotothek df pk 0000165 012

The role of an editor is much more than just mechanically joining pieces together. They must creatively work with many layers of a production. This includes images, story, dialogue, music, and pacing. They also consider the actors' performances to "re-imagine" or even rewrite the film. This creates a cohesive whole from many different parts. Some famous directors, known as auteurs, even edit their own films. Examples include Akira Kurosawa, Bahram Beyzai, Steven Soderbergh, and the Coen brothers.

According to the book "Film Art, An Introduction," editors control four basic dimensions. The first dimension is graphic relations between shots. Editors analyze the graphic configurations of shot A and shot B. They look at light and dark, lines and shapes, and volumes and depths. They also consider movement and stasis. To manage these relations, they might maintain brightness consistency or keep important elements in the center of the frame. They may also use visual matches to create continuity between shots.

The second dimension is the rhythmic relationship between shots. The duration of each shot is determined by the number of frames or length of film. By adjusting these lengths, a filmmaker controls the overall rhythm. For example, a brief flash of white frames can convey a sudden impact. Conversely, lengthening a shot can allow for an audience reaction. Editors can use shot length to create a steady beat or to change the tempo of a scene.

The third dimension involves the spatial relationship between shots. Editing allows a filmmaker to construct film space and imply connections between different points. They can juxtapose shots to establish spatial holes or build a complete space from component parts. This is called an analytical breakdown. The fourth dimension is the temporal relation between shots. Editing manipulates the time of action in a film. Filmmakers can control the order, duration, and frequency of events. They use techniques like flashbacks and flash-forwards to shape the narrative.

Historically, early films were very different from modern movies. The first films were short, static, and consisted of a single, locked-down shot. There was no story and no editing involved. These films simply showed activity, such as traffic moving along a city street. Each film ran only as long as the film remained in the camera.

Méliès, Un homme de têtes (Star Film 167 1898)
Méliès, Un homme de têtes (Star Film 167 1898)

Change began with pioneers like Robert W. Paul. His 1898 film, "Come Along, Do!", was one of the first to use more than one shot to establish continuity.

In the late 1890s, filmmakers began experimenting with complex techniques. Georges Méliès used Paul's "Cinematograph Camera No. 1" to create multiple exposures. This allowed him to layer images on top of each other. Around 1900, the Brighton School in England further developed action continuity. George Albert Smith made "As Seen Through a Telescope" in 1900. This film used a cut to a close shot and then a cut back to the original scene.

James Williamson also made remarkable progress. His film "Attack on a China Mission Station" used the first "reverse angle" cut in history.

American filmmaker Edwin S. Porter helped advance these ideas in the early 1900s. He worked for the Edison Company and made "Life of an American Fireman" in 1903. This was the first American film with a plot and a continuous narrative. His most famous work, "The Great Train Robbery" (1903), featured twenty separate shots and ten different locations.

The Great Train Robbery 0018
The Great Train Robbery 0018

Porter used cross-cutting to show simultaneous action in different places. He proved that shots from different times and locations could be combined into one narrative whole.

Modern digital technology has significantly changed the editor's responsibilities. In the past, picture editors dealt only with the visual images. Sound, music, and visual effects editors handled other specific tasks. Today, non-linear digital editing systems have shifted these duties. It is now common for a picture editor to add temporary music or mock up visual effects. They might also add temporary sound effects to help the director. This expanded role makes the editor even more pivotal to a film's success.

FirstMoviola
FirstMoviola
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File:Méliès, Un homme de têtes (Star Film 167 1898).jpg
Méliès, Un homme de têtes (Star Film 167 1898).jpg
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File:The Great Train Robbery 0018.jpg
The Great Train Robbery 0018.jpg
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FirstMoviola.jpg
File:16mm editing synchroniser 1980's 1.jpg
16mm editing synchroniser 1980's 1.jpg
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