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Fictional language

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Fictional languages are a specific type of constructed language, often called a conlang. These languages are created to exist within a fictional setting, such as a book, movie, or video game. Unlike natural languages, which evolve slowly within human cultures, fictional languages are usually the work of one individual. They also differ from natural languages because they have no native speakers. However, some constructed languages like Esperanto do have native speakers. Fictional languages serve to give depth and plausibility to a story's world. They can help characters communicate in ways that feel alien or dislocated from our own reality.

Within a fictional world, these languages function like natural languages to identify specific groups. They can set different races or people apart from one another. Some creators make simple versions that act as distorted dialects of real languages. Other creators design independent conlangs with their own lexicon, which is a complete set of words. These advanced languages also include their own unique rules of grammar. Some are so fully formed that they can be learned as speakable languages. Many subcultures even exist for people who strive to become fluent in them.

The creation process is deeply tied to a concept called a conworld. A conworld is a fictional world inhabited by constructed cultures. This world directly influences the vocabulary of the language. For example, the environment determines what words are needed for local flora, fauna, and technology. The culture also shapes pronouns and how people view family members or colors. Even the phonology, or the system of sounds, is a directing factor. Creators use specific sounds to show the audience what type of race or people group is speaking.

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There is a distinction between artistic languages and commercial fictional languages. Artistic languages are often created for their own sake, such as J.R.R. Tolkien's Elvish languages, Quenya and Sindarin. Commercial languages are made specifically for media products. These appear in books, films, television shows, and even video games. For instance, the movie Avatar features the Na'vi language. The television show Star Trek uses the Klingon language. Even toys like Furbys use a language called Furbish. Some languages are even hosted on the internet alongside their conworlds, like Verdurian.

Complex Gallifreyan sentence
Complex Gallifreyan sentence

Language creation has become a professional career for some artists. In 1974, Victoria Fromkin became the first person hired to create a language for the show Land of the Lost. She created the Paku language. Since then, other notable professionals have emerged. Marc Okrand is famous for creating the Klingon language. David Peterson created the Dothraki and Valyrian languages for Game of Thrones. Paul Frommer is the creator of the Na'vi language. These professionals use their skills to build complex linguistic systems for major media franchises.

A notable subgenre of these languages is the alien language. These are intended for use by extraterrestrial life forms in science fiction. Some stories use technology to solve the problem of different species communicating. Star Trek uses a device called a universal translator. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy uses a humorous device called a Babel fish. This fish translates alien speech into a speaker's native language instantly. In other works, the plot may focus on the linguistic problems of communication between different species.

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Some fictional languages are visual rather than auditory. This means they are seen rather than heard. An example is Circular Gallifreyan from the Doctor Who series. This is a visual language made of shapes. Another example is the written language used by heptapods in the film Arrival. These visual systems are distinct from any spoken language. Whether they are spoken, written, or translated by machines, fictional languages help build the complex systems that make imaginary worlds feel complete and real.

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