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Ernst Röhm

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Ernst Röhm was a prominent German military officer and a high-ranking political leader in the Nazi Party.

He played a vital role in building the party's paramilitary strength. This strength helped Adolf Hitler rise to power in Germany. Röhm was a close ally of Hitler for many years. However, their relationship eventually ended in a violent political purge. His life reflects the complex and often dangerous nature of early 20th-century German politics.

Born in Munich in 1887, Röhm grew up in the German Empire. His father, Julius Röhm, was a strict railway official. Despite this strictness, Ernst enjoyed significant freedom to follow his interests. He joined the Royal Bavarian 10th Infantry Regiment as a cadet in 1906. He received his commission as a lieutenant in March 1908. During the First World War, he served as an adjutant. He was wounded in the face at Chanot Wood in 1914. He also sustained a serious chest wound at Verdun in 1916. These experiences shaped his reputation as a brave, if sometimes reckless, soldier.

Hitler's officers
Hitler's officers

After the war ended in 1918, Röhm continued his military career. He served as a captain in the Reichswehr, the German army. In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party, which later became the Nazi Party. He soon met Adolf Hitler, and the two became close political associates. Röhm used his military connections to help build various paramilitary groups. One major group was the Sturmabteilung, commonly known as the SA.

Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1982-159-21A, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, Hitler und Röhm
Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1982-159-21A, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, Hitler und Röhm

In 1923, Röhm led nearly 2,000 men during the Beer Hall Putsch. This was a failed attempt to seize power in Munich. Following the failure, Röhm was tried for high treason in 1924. He received a suspended prison sentence and was placed on probation.

In 1925, Röhm disagreed with Hitler regarding the party's future direction. He felt the party should not follow a strictly legal path. Because of this disagreement, he resigned from his political positions. He emigrated to Bolivia in 1928 to serve as a military advisor. He worked at the Bolivian military college in La Paz. He also served as a troop inspector and a chief of staff. He lived in Bolivia until 1930, when Hitler requested his return.

Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00344A, München, nach Hitler-Ludendorff Prozess retouched
Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00344A, München, nach Hitler-Ludendorff Prozess retouched

Röhm returned to Germany to serve as the SA's chief of staff.

Upon his return, Röhm reorganized the SA into a massive force. By his leadership, the SA grew to over one million members.

He created a new structure called a Gruppe. These groups were large and answered only to him or Hitler. The SA engaged in frequent political violence against various groups. This included fighting against communists and other political rivals. While the SA helped Hitler gain power, its size and radicalism caused concern. After Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, Röhm was named a Gauleiter. This was the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party.

Tensions between Röhm and Hitler grew rapidly during 1933 and 1934. Röhm began calling for a "second revolution" to transform German society. This radical rhetoric alarmed Hitler's powerful industrial allies. Furthermore, Röhm demanded more power for the SA. This created a direct conflict with the Schutzstaffel, or SS. The SS saw the massive SA as a threat to their own influence. Hitler eventually viewed his long-time friend as a dangerous rival. He decided that Röhm had to be eliminated to consolidate control.

Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14886, Kurt Daluege, Heinrich Himmler, Ernst Röhm
Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14886, Kurt Daluege, Heinrich Himmler, Ernst Röhm

Hitler acted with the help of SS leaders Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich. This violent event is known as the Night of the Long Knives. On June 30, 1934, the SS purged the entire SA leadership. Röhm was arrested and taken to Stadelheim Prison in Munich. He was shot on July 1, 1934. This event allowed Hitler to secure his absolute authority. It also signaled the end of the SA's influence within the government. Röhm's death marked a turning point in how the Nazi regime maintained power through internal purges.

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🖼️ Images & Media (7)
File:Hitler's_officers.jpg
Hitler's_officers.jpg
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00344A, München, nach Hitler-Ludendorff Prozess retouched.jpg
Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00344A, München,...
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1982-159-21A, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, Hitler und Röhm.jpg
Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1982-159-21A,...
File:3 1 0 17 12082 32951 Nazi Bavarian Commissarial Government 1933-03-17 1 Ludwig Siebert, Franz Ritter von Epp, Adolf Wagner, Hans Schemm 2 Ernst Röhm, Hans Frank, Hermann Esser, Georg Luber (Robert Sennecke) NAC, Poland PD.jpg
3 1 0 17 12082 32951 Nazi Bavarian...
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14886, Kurt Daluege, Heinrich Himmler, Ernst Röhm.jpg
Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14886, Kurt...
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14393, Ernst Röhm crop.jpg
Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14393, Ernst Röhm crop.jpg
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Kurheim Hanselbauer.JPG
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