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Erasmus

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Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus was a central figure of the Northern Renaissance.

Quentin Massys- Erasmus of Rotterdam
Quentin Massys- Erasmus of Rotterdam

He was a Dutch humanist, a Christian theologian, and a pioneering philologist. A philologist is a scholar who studies the history and structure of languages. Erasmus was also a highly skilled educationalist. He became one of the most influential scholars in Western culture. His writings and translations shaped the intellectual landscape of Europe. He was famous for writing in a spontaneous and correct Latin style.

Hans Holbein d.J. und Werkstatt - Erasmus von Rotterdam
Hans Holbein d.J. und Werkstatt - Erasmus von Rotterdam

Erasmus used a very specific method to manage his massive workload. He was a voracious writer who often wrote or answered 40 letters every day.

HolbeinErasmusHands
HolbeinErasmusHands

He usually woke early to write by hand and avoided working after dinner. To write books efficiently, he practiced a method of making thematic notes. He categorized these notes into "commonplaces" and kept them in boxes that traveled with him. When assembling a book, he would pull the relevant notes from these boxes. This system allowed him to create many books rapidly from the same research topics.

As he aged and lost dexterity, he used secretaries, known as amanuenses, to transcribe his work or record his dictation.

His scholarly output was divided into many different literary genres. He wrote commentaries, dialogues, satires, and sermons. He also produced plays for schoolboys and many pedagogical works meant for teaching. His later years involved writing many defenses of his earlier ideas. These defenses responded to attacks from both Catholic and Protestant opponents. A catalogue of his works contains 444 different entries. Most of these entries come from the second half of his life. He often wrote using specific rhetorical conventions, such as the epistle or the encomium.

Print, book-illustration (BM 1895,1031.1021)
Print, book-illustration (BM 1895,1031.1021)

Erasmus was born in Rotterdam in the late 1460s.

Rotterdam standbeeld Erasmus
Rotterdam standbeeld Erasmus

Historians debate his exact birth year, suggesting either 1466 or 1469. His father, Gerard, was a Catholic priest. His mother was Margaretha Rogerius. Both parents died from the bubonic plague in 1483. This left Erasmus and his brother Peter as orphans. Despite these hardships, he received a high-quality education in monastic and private schools. He attended one of the best Latin schools in the Netherlands. This training provided the foundation for his future career as a scholar.

One of his most significant achievements was his work on the New Testament. He developed a biblical humanistic theology. This involved creating new Latin and Greek scholarly editions of the New Testament. He also produced editions of the Church Fathers. These works included detailed annotations and commentary. His project eventually included a revised Vulgate recension and his own Latin translation. These editions were used by many leading scholars. They even introduced specific readings that were later adopted by religious reformers.

Print, book-illustration (BM 1895,1031.1021)
Print, book-illustration (BM 1895,1031.1021)

Erasmus was incredibly popular throughout the sixteenth century. By the 1530s, his writings accounted for 10% to 20% of all book sales in Europe. It is estimated that up to 300,000 copies of his various editions were printed during his lifetime. His New Testament studies formed the basis for many famous translations. These include the work of Martin Luther and the King James Version. He was widely considered the most read author of his age. His influence reached across all nations in the West.

Book printed by Aldus Manutius-Horace
Book printed by Aldus Manutius-Horace

Erasmus occupied a unique and often difficult position during the Reformation. He remained a member of the Catholic Church his entire life. He believed in reforming the church from within. He advocated for peaceable concord and pastoral tolerance. However, he faced intense pressure from both sides of the religious divide. He supported the doctrine of synergism. This was rejected by reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin, who favored monergism. His "middle-road" approach often disappointed or angered partisans in both camps. He lived as a religious refugee in his final years, moving between Basel and Freiburg.

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File:Print, book-illustration (BM 1895,1031.1021).jpg
Print, book-illustration (BM 1895,1031.1021).jpg
File:Rotterdam standbeeld Erasmus.jpg
Rotterdam standbeeld Erasmus.jpg
File:Hieronymus Bosch - Triptych of Temptation of St Anthony - WGA2585.jpg
Hieronymus Bosch - Triptych of Temptation...
File:Erasmus(buste).jpg
Erasmus(buste).jpg
File:Hans Holbein d. J. - Erasmus - Louvre.jpg
Hans Holbein d. J. - Erasmus - Louvre.jpg
File:Book printed by Aldus Manutius-Horace.jpg
Book printed by Aldus Manutius-Horace.jpg
File:Sir Thomas More, by Hans Holbein the Younger.jpg
Sir Thomas More, by Hans Holbein the Younger.jpg
File:Quinten Massijs - Portret van Peter Gilles.JPG
Quinten Massijs - Portret van Peter Gilles.JPG
File:British - Field of the Cloth of Gold - Google Art Project.jpg
British - Field of the Cloth of Gold -...
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File:Pop adrian VI.JPG
Pop adrian VI.JPG
File:Damiao de gois-albertina.png
Damiao de gois-albertina.png

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