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Dragon Boat Festival

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The Dragon Boat Festival is a major traditional Chinese holiday. It is also known as the Tuen Ng Festival in Hong Kong and Macau. The festival occurs on the fifth day of the fifth month of the Chinese calendar. This date usually falls in late May or early June on the Gregorian calendar. People celebrate this day through dragon boat races and eating special rice dumplings.

Attributed to Li Zhaodao Dragon-boat Race. Palace Museum, Beijing
Attributed to Li Zhaodao Dragon-boat Race. Palace Museum, Beijing

The holiday is a time for praying for good luck. It also offers a way to take respite from the summer heat.

One common name for the holiday is the Double Fifth Festival. This name refers to the specific day on the Chinese calendar. In Chinese, the name Duanwu literally means "starting five." This refers to the first fifth day of the month according to the zodiac. The festival is a way to get rid of disease and bad luck. In the past, the fifth month was considered an unlucky and poisonous time. People believed venomous animals like snakes, scorpions, and centipedes appeared during this period.

Zongzi
Zongzi

To avoid misfortune, people used various traditional methods. They would place garlic, calamus, or Artemisia above their doors. These plants have strong smells or shapes, like sword-shaped calamus leaves, to ward off evil. Some people even put pictures of five venomous creatures on their walls. They might stick needles into these pictures to keep the creatures away. Children sometimes wear paper cutouts of these animals around their wrists. These rituals help people feel safe from the perceived dangers of the season.

The most famous story involves the poet and minister Qu Yuan.

Qu Yuan Chen Hongshou 2
Qu Yuan Chen Hongshou 2

He lived during the Warring States period, roughly between 600 B.C. and 200 B.C. Qu Yuan served in high offices for the southern Chinese state of Chu. After being banished, he wrote much poetry during his exile. When the capital of Chu fell to the state of Qin, Qu Yuan drowned himself in the Miluo River. Legend says local people raced boats to find him. They also dropped balls of sticky rice into the river. This was intended to feed the fish so they would not eat his body.

Another legend commemorates the statesman Wu Zixu. He lived during the time of the Kingdom of Wu. Some stories say he was forced to commit suicide and thrown into a river. In parts of southeast Jiangsu, he is remembered during the festival. In Northeastern Zhejiang, people celebrate a different figure named Cao E.

Caoe Temple 09 2014-08
Caoe Temple 09 2014-08

Her father, a shaman, accidentally fell into the Shun River during a ceremony. Cao E searched for him for three days. Both were eventually found dead in the river. A temple was built in her honor in the year 151, and the river was renamed the Cao'e River.

A central part of the festival is eating zongzi. These are sticky rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves. The leaves provide a special aroma and flavor to the rice. Fillings vary by region. In northern China, zongzi are often sweet with bean paste, jujube, or nuts. In southern China, they are often savory with meat or eggs.

Zongzi
Zongzi

While they were once used to worship ancestors, they became the official festival food during the Jin dynasty.

Researchers suggest the holiday may have several different origins. One theory is that it began as a celebration of agriculture and rice growing. Another theory, advanced by Wen Yiduo, suggests it comes from dragon worship. The boat races might reflect reverence for the dragon and its active energy. Some also believe it celebrates the harvest of winter wheat. In 2009, UNESCO added the festival to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This made it the first Chinese holiday to receive this global recognition.

Unesco Cultural Heritage logo
Unesco Cultural Heritage logo
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🖼️ Images & Media (7)
File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg
Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg
File:Qu Yuan Chen Hongshou 2.jpg
Qu Yuan Chen Hongshou 2.jpg
File:Caoe Temple 09 2014-08.JPG
Caoe Temple 09 2014-08.JPG
File:Visitors Tent at South Shore of Dajia Riverside Park in 2017 Taipei International Dragon Boat Race 20170530Na.jpg
Visitors Tent at South Shore of Dajia...
File:Attributed to Li Zhaodao Dragon-boat Race. Palace Museum, Beijing.jpg
Attributed to Li Zhaodao Dragon-boat...
File:元 佚名 臨王振鵬 金明池圖 卷-Dragon Boat Regatta on Jinming Lake MET DP204603.jpg
元 佚名 臨王振鵬 金明池圖 卷-Dragon Boat Regatta on...
File:Zongzi.jpg
Zongzi.jpg
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