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Dot distribution map

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A dot distribution map is a type of thematic map. It uses point symbols to visualize the geographic distribution of many related phenomena. These maps are a form of unit visualization. They rely on a visual scatter to show spatial patterns. This is especially useful for showing variances in density. A dot map helps a viewer see if a region is crowded or empty.

Dot map black hispanic
Dot map black hispanic

There are two distinct methods used to create these maps. The first is the one-to-one dot distribution map. Also called a point feature map, it shows the exact location of individual occurrences. Each dot represents one single instance of a phenomenon. This method is often used in crime mapping or epidemiology.

DChomicides
DChomicides

The second method is the one-to-many dot density map. In this version, each dot represents a specific number of individuals. These dots are placed within predefined geographical districts like counties or provinces. This technique uses aggregate data to create a visual impression of density.

Creating a representative dot density map involves specific design steps. First, a cartographer chooses a dot value. This value is the number of individuals represented by a single dot. Next, the total number of dots for a district is calculated. The cartographer then spreads these dots randomly across the administrative area. This random distribution shows where population levels are higher or lower. If the dots are close together, the area is dense. If they are far apart, the area has a lower density.

Historically, dot maps emerged during the Industrial era in England and France. This was around the 1830s and 1840s. During this time, modern thematic maps were being developed. The increasing availability of statistical data made these maps possible. Some claim Valentine Seaman created the first dot distribution map in 1797. He used it to analyze a yellow fever outbreak in New York City.

Valentine Seaman's map of yellow fever epidemic in New York City (Plate 2 of 2)
Valentine Seaman's map of yellow fever epidemic in New York City (Plate 2 of 2)

Although his conclusions were incorrect, it was a landmark use of spatial analysis.

The first known district-based dot density map was created in 1830. Armand Joseph Frère de Montizon made a map of the population in France.

Carte Philosophique figurant la Population de la France
Carte Philosophique figurant la Population de la France

In his map, each dot represented 10,000 individuals. He spread the dots randomly across French departments. This created an intuitive display of population density. However, this method can lead to an ecological fallacy. This happens when a value for an entire area is used to generalize everything within that area.

In 1859, Thure Alexander von Mentzer reinvented the district-based map. He was a Swedish Army officer who mapped Sweden and Norway.

Fysisk-geografiska kartor öfver Skandinaviska halfön för beskrifvande undervisning i fäderneslandets geografi - Kungliga Biblioteket - 10372816-thumb
Fysisk-geografiska kartor öfver Skandinaviska halfön för beskrifvande undervisning i fäderneslandets geografi - Kungliga Biblioteket - 10372816-thumb

His map used dots where each one represented 200 residents. These dots were based on the 1855 Census. He adjusted the placement based on his knowledge of population distribution. This was likely the first fully-developed representative dot density map.

Epidemiology has been a major driver for dot map innovation. Thomas Shapter created an influential map in 1849. He mapped a cholera outbreak in Exeter between 1832 and 1834.

Thomas-Shapter-HistoryOfCholeraInExeter1832-map
Thomas-Shapter-HistoryOfCholeraInExeter1832-map

He used different symbols to represent cases from different years. Later, Dr. John Snow used dots to study a London epidemic in 1854.

Snow-cholera-map-1
Snow-cholera-map-1

He placed dots at individual house locations in Soho. His map showed a high concentration of cases around the Broad Street Pump. This helped him conclude that contaminated water was the disease vector.

Modern technology has changed how we generate these maps. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) now automate the placement of dots. This makes the process much easier than manual crafting. We can now use massive datasets, such as millions of geocoded social media posts. We can also use temporal interpolation to animate maps over time.

COVID19 CASES Mar21 May21
COVID19 CASES Mar21 May21

This allows us to see how patterns change during an event, like a disease outbreak.

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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:Dot map black hispanic.png
Dot map black hispanic.png
File:Valentine Seaman's map of yellow fever epidemic in New York City (Plate 2 of 2).jpg
Valentine Seaman's map of yellow fever...
File:Carte Philosophique figurant la Population de la France.jpg
Carte Philosophique figurant la...
File:Fysisk-geografiska kartor öfver Skandinaviska halfön för beskrifvande undervisning i fäderneslandets geografi - Kungliga Biblioteket - 10372816-thumb.png
Fysisk-geografiska kartor öfver...
File:Thomas-Shapter-HistoryOfCholeraInExeter1832-map.jpg
Thomas-Shapter-HistoryOfCholeraInExeter183...
File:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg
Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg
File:COVID19 CASES Mar21 May21.gif
COVID19 CASES Mar21 May21.gif
File:DChomicides.jpg
DChomicides.jpg
Acres of Harvested Wheat in Illinois in 2012.pdf
File:German inmmigrants in 1900 Salt Lake City.png
German inmmigrants in 1900 Salt Lake City.png
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