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December

physical science Maturity 7-9 Next article →

December is the twelfth and final month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It consists of exactly 31 days. While it marks the end of the calendar year, its history reveals it was once positioned differently. The name itself is a linguistic relic of an older way of tracking time.

The name December is derived from the Latin word "decem," which means ten. This is because it served as the tenth month in the calendar of Romulus around 750 BC. That ancient calendar began in March rather than January. During that era, the winter days following December were not included in any month at all. Eventually, the months of January and February were created from that monthless period. These two months were added to the beginning of the calendar. Even though the order changed, December kept its original name.

Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry décembre
Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry décembre

Astronomy plays a major role in defining the character of December. In the Northern Hemisphere, December marks the beginning of winter. In the Southern Hemisphere, it marks the start of summer. This seasonal shift is driven by the winter solstice in the north and the summer solstice in the south. The winter solstice is the day with the fewest daylight hours. Conversely, the summer solstice provides the most daylight hours. These two hemispheres experience seasonal opposites. December in the north is the seasonal equivalent to June in the south.

Eaton Centre Christmas Tree
Eaton Centre Christmas Tree

Observers of the night sky can witness several meteor showers during this month. A meteor shower occurs when Earth passes through debris in space. The Geminids are a notable shower occurring around December 13 or 14. The Ursids peak around December 22. Other active showers include the Monocerotids, which peak around December 9. The Canis-Minorids peak around December 10 or 11. The Coma Berenicids peak around December 16. You might also see the Phoenicids, the Delta Cancrids, or the Sigma Hydrids. Even the Quadrantids can sometimes begin in December.

1850- 12 December each year - Global average temperature changes
1850- 12 December each year - Global average temperature changes

History shows that many cultures have held significant observances during this time. In Ancient Rome, several festivals were held to honor different deities. The Agonalia honored Sol Indiges on December 11. Saturnalia was a major festival held from December 17 to December 23. Other Roman dates included Divalia on December 21 and Larentalia on December 23. The Anglo-Saxons referred to the period of December and January as "Ġēolamonaþ." This is known in modern English as the Yule month.

Modern traditions and symbols also define the month. In Catholic tradition, December often begins the Season of Advent. The month is also devoted to the Immaculate Conception. For those following astrology, the zodiac signs transition during this month. Sagittarius remains the sign until December 21. Capricorn begins on December 22. The month is also represented by specific natural symbols. The birth flower for December is the narcissus.

Yellow Narcissus
Yellow Narcissus

December is also associated with specific gemstones known as birthstones. These include turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite. Each stone has unique physical properties. Turquoise is often a bright blue or green. Zircon is a mineral that can vary in color. Tanzanite is a rare gemstone found in specific locations.

Turquoise polie 1 (USA)
Turquoise polie 1 (USA)
Zircon-rlkg001a (cropped)
Zircon-rlkg001a (cropped)
Zoïsite (Tanzanite)
Zoïsite (Tanzanite)

These symbols, alongside the astronomical events and historical festivals, make December a complex and significant period in the human calendar.

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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:1850- 12 December each year - Global average temperature changes.svg
1850- 12 December each year - Global...
File:12 December - Percent of global area at temperature records - Global warming - NOAA.svg
12 December - Percent of global area at...
File:Zoïsite (Tanzanite).jpg
Zoïsite (Tanzanite).jpg
File:Turquoise polie 1 (USA).jpg
Turquoise polie 1 (USA).jpg
File:Weihnachtsmarktindresden.jpg
Weihnachtsmarktindresden.jpg
File:Yellow Narcissus.JPG
Yellow Narcissus.JPG
File:Eaton Centre Christmas Tree.JPG
Eaton Centre Christmas Tree.JPG
File:Hans Bol - Adriaen Collaert - Emblemata evangelica - Erfgoedfonds Koning Boudewijnstichting - Fonds du Patrimoine Fondation Roi Baudouin - 12.jpg
Hans Bol - Adriaen Collaert - Emblemata...
File:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry décembre.jpg
Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry...
File:Zircon-rlkg001a (cropped).JPG
Zircon-rlkg001a (cropped).JPG
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