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Death

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Death is defined as the irreversible cessation of biological functions that sustain a living organism. While it is a universal part of life, identifying the exact moment it occurs is a complex scientific and legal challenge. Many different scientific approaches exist to define this transition. Some scientists focus on the end of consciousness, while others look at the failure of specific organ systems. Because different organs may stop functioning at different times, drawing a precise boundary between life and death is difficult.

Postmortem interval changes (stages of death)
Postmortem interval changes (stages of death)

Historically, medical professionals used the circulatory definition of death (CDD). Under this definition, death occurred when a person experienced cardiac arrest, which is the stopping of the heartbeat, and respiratory arrest, which is the stopping of breathing. However, the development of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) changed this view. CPR can sometimes restart a heartbeat and breathing, meaning these states are not always irreversible. Because life-sustaining technology like ventilators and artificial pacemakers can maintain circulation, the old definition became inadequate.

Leading cause of death, World, 2021 (cropped)
Leading cause of death, World, 2021 (cropped)

Modern medicine often relies on the concept of brain death to define the end of life. This occurs when the electrical activity in the brain ceases completely. Doctors use electroencephalograms (EEGs) to monitor this activity. This definition is used because the brain is essential for human identity and consciousness. There are different ways to categorize brain death. Neocortical brain death focuses on the loss of the neocortex, the part of the brain responsible for higher thought and personality. Total brain death is a more conservative view, requiring the irreversible cessation of all functions in the entire brain.

Signal transduction pathways
Signal transduction pathways

In the United States, the Uniform Determination of Death Act provides a legal framework for these decisions. This act was influenced by a 1980 commission that sought to create a uniform standard nationwide. Having a clear legal definition is important for several reasons. It helps manage a family's financial resources regarding life support. It also provides the legal certainty needed to proceed with organ donation. Without these standards, doctors and families would face constant uncertainty during difficult times.

Rembrandt - The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp
Rembrandt - The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp

Death is a significant part of human history and biology. As of the early 21st century, approximately 56 million people die every year. By 2022, it was estimated that nearly 110 billion humans had died. This number represents roughly 94% of all humans who have ever lived. While aging is a common reason for death, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most frequent specific cause. CVD is a disease that affects the heart or blood vessels. Scientists in the field of biogerontology study how to extend the human lifespan by applying natural processes found in other organisms.

Age standardized deaths from all causes, World, 2017 (cropped)
Age standardized deaths from all causes, World, 2017 (cropped)

After death, a biological body undergoes several predictable physical changes. The first stage is pallor mortis, where the skin becomes pale within 15 to 120 minutes. This is often followed by livor mortis, where blood settles in the lower parts of the body. Next is algor mortis, the steady decline in body temperature until it matches the surrounding environment. The body also experiences rigor mortis, a stage where the limbs become stiff and difficult to move. Eventually, the body enters putrefaction and decomposition, where matter breaks down into simpler forms.

Postmortem interval changes (stages of death)
Postmortem interval changes (stages of death)

Because death is such a profound event, different cultures have developed various customs to honor the deceased. These can include traditional funerals, cremation, or even sky burials. Many people also experience a grieving process after losing a loved one. Beyond biology, death carries deep spiritual meaning. Many religions, such as the Abrahamic and Dharmic traditions, hold beliefs about an afterlife or a shift in spiritual states. The study of these various aspects of death is known as thanatology.

Reincarnation AS
Reincarnation AS
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Signal transduction pathways.svg
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Age standardized deaths from all causes,...
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Crude death rate, World, 2023 (cropped).svg
File:Leading cause of death, World, 2021 (cropped).svg
Leading cause of death, World, 2021 (cropped).svg
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Global thinking.svg
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Split-arrows.svg
File:Rembrandt - The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp.jpg
Rembrandt - The Anatomy Lesson of Dr...
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Kameldornbaum Sossusvlei.jpg
File:StillLifeWithASkull.jpg
StillLifeWithASkull.jpg
File:Postmortem interval changes (stages of death).png
Postmortem interval changes (stages of death).png
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Lewis Hine, Newsies smoking at Skeeter's...
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Munkácsy Golgota.JPG

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