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Cup

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A cup is a small container designed for drinking liquids.

Mug vs cup
Mug vs cup

Most cups feature an open mouth and a rounded, hemispherical shape. This design allows the vessel to be brought directly to the mouth. This function distinguishes cups from other tableware, like jugs, which are meant for pouring. While many cups include a handle for easier gripping, others do not. For example, beakers often lack handles, and many small bowl-shaped cups used in Asia are handle-less.

Plastic cups
Plastic cups

Materials used to create cups vary widely across different cultures and eras. They can be fashioned from pottery, such as porcelain or terracotta, and glass. Metal, wood, and stone are also common materials. Some modern versions are made from plastic, polystyrene, or even lacquerware. Lacquerware involves coating wood with a special resin from a tree.

Lacquer Wine-Cup Container
Lacquer Wine-Cup Container

In South Asia, people use simple, unglazed terracotta cups called kulhar. Historically, humans have even used natural objects like large shells, bird eggs, or hollow gourds as drinking vessels.

There are distinct differences between a cup and a mug. In many languages, such as English, French, and German, these are separate words. A traditional cup is often designed for formal use while sitting at a table. These cups are frequently elegant and may include a saucer to protect the table surface. In contrast, a mug is designed for informal use anywhere. Mugs are typically taller and have thicker walls. This extra volume helps keep liquids warm by limiting the exposed surface area. The larger handle on a mug also makes it easier to carry while moving.

Mug vs cup
Mug vs cup

The history of the cup stretches back to the Stone Age.

Minoan pottery cups 1800-1700 BC
Minoan pottery cups 1800-1700 BC

Early archaeological finds show that many cups were used as offerings in burials. In the Bronze Age, high-status cups made of expensive materials served as important status symbols. The Bell Beaker culture, which marked the start of the European Bronze Age around 2800 BC, is named after its distinctive bell-shaped pottery beakers. These beakers often featured a waist and a flaring lip. During the Iron Age, the rhyton became a popular elite cup in the Mediterranean. A rhyton is a vessel designed to imitate the shape of an animal horn.

Ancient civilizations developed many specialized cup shapes. Ancient Greek pottery included wide, shallow bowls like the kylix or the skyphos. These were often brilliantly painted and sometimes featured two handles placed horizontally. The Roman Empire also used various styles, including "goblet" shapes with short stems. By the 2nd century AD, wealthy Romans often preferred glass because it did not add any taste to their drinks.

In Eurasia, the "flanged cup" was a common form. These cups featured flat horizontal strips, or flanges, that acted as handles. In China, these were sometimes called "eared cups" or "winged goblets."

Throughout history, certain cups have held immense value and prestige. During the Middle Ages, large metal standing cups were used in wealthy houses. These were often used as "welcome cups" for toasts or ceremonies. Some of these vessels were quite large and were passed around a group. In the modern era, the form of these ceremonial cups lives on in religious chalices and sporting trophies.

Powergen Cup
Powergen Cup

Even the most expensive cups in the world are historical pieces. The Imperial "Chicken Cup" was used by the Chenghua Emperor in China. These porcelain pieces are highly prized by collectors today.

明成化 景德鎮窯鬥彩雞缸杯-Chicken Cup MET 1987 85 2015AT 001 (cropped)
明成化 景德鎮窯鬥彩雞缸杯-Chicken Cup MET 1987 85 2015AT 001 (cropped)

Cups connect to many different fields of study and human activity. In archaeology, the shape and material of a cup help experts understand ancient cultures and trade. In linguistics, the way people name cups—like the distinction between a "glass" and a "tumbler"—shows how language evolves. For example, a transparent paper cup is called a "paper cup," but a transparent version made of glass is usually called a "glass" or a "tumbler." Even the way we design cups today, such as using lids and straws, reflects our changing needs for convenience and temperature control.

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🖼️ Images & Media (13)
File:Cup and Saucer LACMA 47.35.6a-b (1 of 3).jpg
Cup and Saucer LACMA 47.35.6a-b (1 of 3).jpg
File:Minoan pottery cups 1800-1700 BC.jpg
Minoan pottery cups 1800-1700 BC.jpg
File:Mug vs cup.jpg
Mug vs cup.jpg
File:明成化 景德鎮窯鬥彩雞缸杯-Chicken Cup MET 1987 85 2015AT 001 (cropped).jpg
明成化 景德鎮窯鬥彩雞缸杯-Chicken Cup MET 1987 85...
File:Persia - Achaemenian Vessels.jpg
Persia - Achaemenian Vessels.jpg
File:Lacquer Wine-Cup Container.jpg
Lacquer Wine-Cup Container.jpg
File:Glass palm cup, World Museum Liverpool.jpg
Glass palm cup, World Museum Liverpool.jpg
File:China, Chinese Export, 18th century, Period of Kien Lung - Cup and Saucer - 1955.177 - Cleveland Museum of Art (cropped).jpg
China, Chinese Export, 18th century,...
File:British Museum Royal Gold Cup.jpg
British Museum Royal Gold Cup.jpg
File:NatlaCup.jpg
NatlaCup.jpg
File:Powergen Cup.jpg
Powergen Cup.jpg
File:Five Piece Tea Service with Chrysanthemum Design LACMA M.2006.132.10a-i.jpg
Five Piece Tea Service with Chrysanthemum...

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