Copper

Copper is a shiny metal.

It has a pinkish-orange color. This metal is very soft. It is also easy to bend.

Copper is great at moving heat. It also moves power very well.

People use it in buildings. We use it for roofs, too.

When copper stays outside, it changes. It can turn a pretty green color. You might see this on old roofs.

Copper is found in the Earth. It is also in our bodies. It helps us breathe and stay healthy.

We can use old copper again. We melt it to make new things. This is called recycling.

Copper is a special metal. It has a pinkish-orange color.

This metal is soft and easy to bend. It is also very good at moving heat. It is also great at moving electricity.

Because of this, we use it for wires and buildings.

Copper can change when it meets air. It can turn a dark brown color. If it stays outside, it may turn green. This green layer is called verdigris.

You might see this on old roofs.

Humans have used copper for a long time. People have used it for at least 10,000 years. We find copper in the Earth's crust. We also find it in our bodies. It helps us breathe and stay healthy.

We can use old copper again and again. We melt it down to make new things. This is called recycling. Most of the copper ever mined is still in use today.

We can even use copper to make bronze. Bronze is a mix of copper and tin. This mix makes a very strong metal.

Copper is a very special metal found in the Earth's crust.

It is one of the few native metals, which means it can be found in a pure form in nature. This metal has a unique pinkish-orange color when it is fresh.

It is also very soft and easy to bend or shape. This quality is called ductility. Copper is also great at moving heat and electricity. In fact, it is the second best metal at moving heat, right after silver.

There are many ways to get copper from the ground. Most copper comes from sulfide ores found in large open pit mines.

One way to get it is through a thing called flash smelting. First, the ore is crushed into tiny pieces. Then, the ore is heated with oxygen to create cuprous oxide. This oxide reacts with more sulfide to make blister copper. This crude copper is about 98% pure. To make it even better, scientists use electrolysis to reach 99.99% purity.

Humans have been using copper for at least 10,000 years.

It was the first metal ever cast into a shape using a mold. It was also the first metal to be mixed with another metal on purpose. By mixing copper with tin, people created a strong metal called bronze. In the past, people used copper to make blue pigments for art. The name of the metal comes from the Latin words for "metal of Cyprus." This is why its symbol is Cu.

Copper is found in many places around the world. Chile is the largest producer of copper on Earth.

It supplies 70% of the refined copper and alloys that the United States imports. In the United States, large mines are found in Utah and New Mexico. A very large piece of pure copper was found in 1857 in Michigan. It weighed 420 tonnes!

Copper is also very important for our bodies. Adult humans carry between 1.4 and 2.1 mg of copper for every kilogram of body weight.

You can see copper working in many things you know. It is used in the wiring of your house to move electricity. It is also used in many coins and jewelry.

If you see an old building with a green roof, that is copper too. The green color is called verdigris, which forms when copper reacts with the air.

Even electric cars use a lot of copper. While a normal car might use about 20 to 30 kg, an electric vehicle uses around 91 kg. This helps the car use electricity to move.

Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and the atomic number 29.

It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal. This means it can be easily shaped or drawn into wires without breaking. Copper is highly valued because it has very high thermal and electrical conductivity. In fact, it is the second best conductor of heat among pure metals at room temperature, trailing only silver.

A freshly exposed surface of pure copper displays a distinct pinkish-orange color. This unique hue is caused by its low plasma frequency. This frequency sits in the red part of the visible spectrum. Because of this, the metal absorbs higher-frequency green and blue light.

The physical properties of copper are tied to its atomic structure. Copper belongs to group 11 on the periodic table, alongside silver and gold. These three metals have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell. In copper, the metallic bonds are relatively weak because they lack a covalent character. This lack of strength explains why single crystals of copper are so soft. However, engineers often use copper in a fine-grained polycrystalline form. This version has many grain boundaries in its crystal lattice. These boundaries act as obstacles that hinder the flow of the material under stress. This process increases the overall hardness and strength of the metal.

Most copper is extracted from sulfide ores found in large open pit mines.

A common method for processing these ores is flash smelting.

First, the ore undergoes comminution, which means it is crushed into tiny pieces. Next, it goes through froth flotation to concentrate the minerals. During smelting, cuprous sulfide is oxidized to form cuprous oxide. This oxide then reacts with more cuprous sulfide to create blister copper. This crude metal is roughly 98% pure by weight. To reach a purity of up to 99.99%, the metal undergoes electrolysis. This final step is essential for high-quality electrical applications.

Copper has a deep history in human civilization. It is one of the few native metals, meaning it occurs naturally in a usable form. Humans have used it for at least 10,000 years. It was the first metal to be smelted from sulfide ores. It was also the first metal cast into shapes using molds. Furthermore, it was the first metal purposely alloyed with tin to create bronze. The name "copper" comes from the Latin "aes cyprium," meaning "metal of Cyprus."

Even ancient Egyptians used copper compounds to create blue pigments for art.

Today, copper production is a massive global industry. Chile is the world's largest producer, providing at least one-third of the global share.

In 2005, Chile was the top producer, followed by the United States, Indonesia, and Peru. The United States relies heavily on these imports. For example, Chile supplies 70% of the refined copper and alloys imported by the U.S. through 2024. The total amount of copper in the Earth's crust is about 10^14 tons. However, only a small fraction is economically viable to mine. Estimates suggest current reserves may last between 25 and 60 years depending on growth rates.

Copper is also vital for biological life. It is essential to all aerobic organisms, especially regarding oxygen metabolism. It is found in the respiratory enzyme complex called cytochrome c oxidase. It is also present in the oxygen-carrying molecule known as hemocyanin. Humans require copper to stay healthy. An adult human contains between 1.4 and 2.1 mg of copper per kilogram of body weight.

Without this element, the complex chemical processes that allow us to use oxygen would fail.

In the modern world, copper demand is rising due to the energy transition. As we move toward electricity, we need more metal for wiring and motors. This is very clear when comparing different types of vehicles. A typical internal combustion engine vehicle used about 20 to 30 kg of copper in 2001. By 2023, this number rose to 24.5 kg. However, a battery electric vehicle contains around 91 kg of copper and copper alloys.

Because copper can be recycled without losing quality, it is a highly sustainable resource. About 80% of all copper ever mined is still in use today. Recycling supplies about one-third of the total global demand.