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Colugo

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

Colugos are unique, tree-dwelling mammals found in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia.

Galeopterus variegatus 476925756
Galeopterus variegatus 476925756

They are also known as flying lemurs or cobegos. Although their name suggests they fly, colugos are actually expert gliders. They belong to the order Dermoptera, a name taken from Greek words meaning "skin" and "wing." This order includes only two living species: the Sunda flying lemur (Galeopterus variegatus) and the Philippine flying lemur (Cynocephalus volans). These two species make up the entire family Cynocephalidae.

Philippine flying lemur at the python sanctuary, Santa Fe Albuquerque
Philippine flying lemur at the python sanctuary, Santa Fe Albuquerque

The most striking feature of a colugo is its patagium. This is a large membrane of skin that allows for gliding. The patagium extends from the shoulder blades to the forepaws. It also stretches from the tips of the fingers to the toes. Finally, it reaches from the hind legs to the tip of the tail. To control this membrane, colugos use specialized muscles. The platysma myoides and platysma cervicale help adjust the shape of the patagium. This allows the animal to steer while in the air. Other muscles, the sternomastoideus and cleidomastoideus, stabilize the head and neck. This stabilization improves balance and maneuverability during a glide.

EB1911 - Galeopithecus
EB1911 - Galeopithecus

Colugos are nocturnal animals, meaning they are active during the night. They spend their daylight hours resting in tree holes. At night, they travel roughly 1.7 km through the forest canopy. They use gliding to find food, locate mates, or protect their territory. Colugos are herbivores that eat a variety of plant matter. Their diet includes leaves, shoots, flowers, sap, and fruit. Because leaves can be hard to digest, colugos have long intestines. They also have well-developed stomachs to extract nutrients from fibrous materials. To navigate the dark, they have developed excellent night vision.

Dermoptera - toothcomb 01
Dermoptera - toothcomb 01

The anatomy of a colugo is highly specialized for its lifestyle. They have long, slender limbs and a medium-length tail. Their heads are small with large, front-focused eyes. This provides them with excellent binocular vision. One of their most unusual features is their dental structure. Their incisor teeth are shaped like combs, with up to 20 tines on each tooth. These teeth are used for grooming, similar to how strepsirrhines use their teeth. Additionally, the second upper incisors have two roots. This is a unique trait not commonly seen in other mammals.

For a long time, scientists debated where colugos fit in the tree of life. Because they have webbed fingers and toes, researchers once thought they were close relatives of bats. However, modern DNA analysis has changed this view. Genetic data shows that colugos are actually more closely related to primates. They are considered part of a group called Primatomorpha. It is estimated that the ancestors of colugos split from other mammals about 80 million years ago. The fossil record for their order is limited, but includes the genus Dermotherium from the Eocene and Oligocene periods.

Galeopterus variegatus 476925756
Galeopterus variegatus 476925756

Colugos also have a very specific way of raising their young. Although they are placental mammals, they act somewhat like marsupials. A newborn colugo is very underdeveloped and weighs only 100 grams. For the first six months of life, the baby clings to its mother's belly. The mother uses her tail and patagium to create a protective environment. She curls her tail and folds her skin into a warm, secure, quasipouch. This helps transport and protect the young until they reach maturity. A colugo does not reach full maturity until it is two to three years old.

Today, colugos face significant challenges in the wild. Habitat destruction is a major threat to both living species. The Philippine flying lemur was previously classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. In 1996, it was listed as vulnerable due to hunting and the loss of lowland forests. Although its status was changed to "least concern" in 2008, these threats remain. Colugos are also hunted for their meat and fur. Furthermore, they are a primary food source for certain predators. In some areas, the critically endangered Philippine eagle relies on colugos for up to 90% of its diet.

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🖼️ Images & Media (4)
File:EB1911 - Galeopithecus.jpg
EB1911 - Galeopithecus.jpg
File:Dermoptera - toothcomb 01.jpg
Dermoptera - toothcomb 01.jpg
File:Galeopterus variegatus 476925756.jpg
Galeopterus variegatus 476925756.jpg
File:Philippine flying lemur at the python sanctuary, Santa Fe Albuquerque.jpg
Philippine flying lemur at the python...
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