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Christian pacifism

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Christian pacifism is a theological and ethical position. It holds that non-violence has both a scriptural and a rational basis. Followers believe that any form of violence is incompatible with the Christian faith. They argue that Jesus was a pacifist in his own life. Therefore, they believe his followers must practice pacifism as well.

Blessed are the Peacemakers, Bellows
Blessed are the Peacemakers, Bellows

This position can lead to different political views. Some people, known as Christian anarchists, believe that Christianity requires anarchism. They argue that governments inevitably use force to resolve conflicts. Others, such as the peace churches, do not claim to be anarchists. They simply focus on the practice of peace.

The roots of these ideas are found in the Old Testament. Scholars like John A. Wood and Millard C. Lind study these origins. Lind explains that ancient Israel was told to trust God instead of warring nations. The goal was to seek peace rather than coercive power. Some stories describe God intervening directly to protect Israel. For example, in Exodus 15:3, God is described as a warrior rescuing his people. In Exodus 14:13, Moses tells the Israelites that the Lord will fight for them.

Levites reading the law to the people
Levites reading the law to the people

The miraculous parting of the Red Sea is an example of this. It shows God using nature instead of human armies to deliver his people.

In the Old Testament, the role of war changes over time. Peter C. Craige notes that Israelites fought real wars to secure the Promised Land. However, he argues that God determined the outcomes of these battles. God used war to protect or punish the nation according to his purposes. Scholars like Friedrich Schwally and Gerhard von Rad suggest these wars were by divine command. They believe God acted through sinful human activities for redemption and judgment. This does not mean the wars were considered holy. Instead, they provided hope in hopeless situations. The sixth commandment, "Thou shalt not kill," remains a central principle for valuing human life.

During the ministry of Jesus, his teachings appeared to advocate for pacifism.

Ecce homo by Antonio Ciseri (1)
Ecce homo by Antonio Ciseri (1)

In the early Church, several Church Fathers interpreted his words as a call to non-violence. Justin Martyr wrote that Christians changed their warlike weapons into ploughshares. He said they turned spears into implements of tillage to cultivate piety. Tatian declined military command to avoid the "madness" of the world. Hippolytus of Rome even denied baptism to soldiers who were commanded to kill. He believed they must refuse to take oaths or kill men. These leaders saw a clear distinction between the camp of light and the camp of darkness.

Some early Christians faced serious consequences for their refusal to fight. Saint Maximilian of Tebessa was executed by a proconsul for refusing military service. He believed that killing was an evil act and became a martyr. Tertullian argued that a person cannot serve two masters. He meant a Christian could not serve both God and Caesar. Other writers, like Origen, noted that the Christian Lawgiver forbade the putting of men to death. Even though many early Christians served in the army, these pacifist voices were strong. They emphasized that evil should not be requited with evil.

Cristóvão de Figueiredo - Martírio de Santo Hipólito
Cristóvão de Figueiredo - Martírio de Santo Hipólito

It was seen as better to suffer wrong than to inflict it.

Throughout history, many notable individuals have practiced Christian pacifism. Martin Luther King Jr. is one of the most famous examples. Other figures include Leo Tolstoy, Dorothy Day, and Ammon Hennacy. Some people work through organized groups like the Christian Peacemaker Teams. These individuals and groups seek to resolve conflicts without using force. They look to the example of Jesus to guide their social and political actions. Their work is often tied to the idea of being a steward of God's creation. This includes the duty to protect all human life.

Christian pacifism connects to broader questions about power and society. It asks whether true peace can exist through human politics or only through divine action. Some thinkers connect these ideas to the concept of salvation history. This is the idea of God participating in human history to bring salvation. The ultimate goal in many pacifist views is the coming of a Kingdom of God. In this vision, weapons of war are transformed into instruments of peace. This hope is found in the writings of prophets like Isaiah and Micah. It remains a significant way for people to understand their relationship with God and the world.

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File:Blessed are the Peacemakers, Bellows.jpg
Blessed are the Peacemakers, Bellows.jpg
File:Levites reading the law to the people.jpg
Levites reading the law to the people.jpg
File:Ecce homo by Antonio Ciseri (1).jpg
Ecce homo by Antonio Ciseri (1).jpg
File:Cristóvão de Figueiredo - Martírio de Santo Hipólito.jpg
Cristóvão de Figueiredo - Martírio de...
File:Louis Anselme Longa, La charité de saint Martin.jpg
Louis Anselme Longa, La charité de saint...
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St Boniface - Baptising-Martyrdom -...
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St-thomas-aquinas.jpg
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Berruguete ordeal.jpg
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WycliffeYeamesLollards 01.jpg
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Chelčice (7).jpg
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Gandhi Tolstoy Farm.jpg
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