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Cherry

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

A cherry is the fleshy fruit of many plants within the genus Prunus. Botanically, it is classified as a drupe, which is a fruit with a fleshy exterior and a single hard stone inside.

Cherry season (48216568227)
Cherry season (48216568227)

The term "cherry" is often used broadly. It can refer to the fruit itself, the tree, its flowers, or even its wood. This versatility is seen in terms like "ornamental cherry" or "cherry blossom." While most people think of the fruit, the plant's biological identity is tied to its specific structure.

Italienische Süßkirschen
Italienische Süßkirschen

Scientists categorize cherries into different groups based on their physical traits. One group is known as "true cherries," which belong to the subgenus Cerasus. These species, such as the sweet cherry (Prunus avium), have a single winter bud per axil. They also feature flowers arranged in small clusters called corymbs or umbels. True cherries typically have smooth fruit without any obvious grooves.

Another group includes "bush cherries." These are characterized by having three winter buds per axil. Recent phylogenetic research, which studies evolutionary relationships, suggests these belong to a different section of the genus.

There are also "racemose cherries," which belong to the subgenus Padus. This group includes species like bird cherries and cherry laurels. These plants can have very different appearances. For example, the hollyleaf cherry (Prunus ilicifolia) has evergreen leaves. Other species, like the black cherry (Prunus serotina), are known as bird cherries. These groups show how much variety exists within the single genus Prunus. Some species even bear fruits that look like cherries but belong to entirely different genera, such as the Jamaican cherry.

Prunus ilicifolia ne1
Prunus ilicifolia ne1

The history of the cherry is deeply connected to ancient trade routes. The English word "cherry" comes from the Latin word cerasum. This term refers to Kerasous, an ancient Greek region near modern-day Turkey. It was believed that cherries were first exported from this area to Europe.

Sara Ploos van Amstel - The Cherry Seller - watercolor after Jacob Ochtervelt
Sara Ploos van Amstel - The Cherry Seller - watercolor after Jacob Ochtervelt

In 72 BCE, Lucius Licinius Lucullus is recorded as bringing cultivated cherries to Rome from northeastern Anatolia. Much later, King Henry VIII introduced cherries to England. He ordered a 105-acre plantation in Teynham, Kent, after tasting them in Flanders. Cherries also reached North America around 1606 in the New France colony of Port Royal.

Cultivating cherries requires precise environmental conditions. Most cherry trees are temperate-latitude plants. They require a specific number of "chilling hours" each year. This period of cold weather allows the tree to break dormancy. Once dormancy ends, the trees bloom, usually in April in the Northern Hemisphere.

Salvatore Postiglione Kirschenzeit
Salvatore Postiglione Kirschenzeit

The growing season is relatively short. In the Southern Hemisphere, the harvest peaks in late December. This timing makes cherries a popular fruit associated with Christmas in those regions. Varieties like 'Burlat' or 'Lapins' ripen at different times during this window.

Commercial cherry production is a massive global industry. In 2020, the world produced 2.61 million tonnes of sweet cherries. Turkey was the leading producer, accounting for 28% of that total with 724,994 tonnes. The United States and Chile were also major contributors. For sour cherries, the 2020 global production was 1.48 million tonnes. Russia led sour cherry production with 254,800 tonnes, followed by Turkey and Ukraine.

Black Che
Black Che

Because cherries are delicate, they are often expensive. They are susceptible to damage from rain, hail, and pests. Farmers must use careful methods like hand picking or mechanized shakers to harvest them without bruising the fruit.

Growing cherries also involves managing various biological challenges. Pests like the black cherry aphid can cause leaves to curl. These insects exude a sticky secretion that encourages fungal growth. Additionally, the cherry fruit fly lays eggs inside immature fruit. The resulting larvae feed on the flesh and leave small holes. These holes can allow fungi to enter the fruit after it rains.

Brunatna zgnilizna drzew pestkowych
Brunatna zgnilizna drzew pestkowych

Trees also face threats from bacterial canker and various viruses. Despite these difficulties, the demand for these fruits remains high worldwide.

Washington USA Rainier cherries
Washington USA Rainier cherries
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🖼️ Images & Media (15)
File:Cherry season (48216568227).jpg
Cherry season (48216568227).jpg
File:Italienische Süßkirschen.JPG
Italienische Süßkirschen.JPG
File:Black Che.jpg
Black Che.jpg
File:Cereza_del_valle_del_Jerte-(DavidDaguerro).JPG
Cereza_del_valle_del_Jerte-(DavidDaguerro).JPG
File:Stablo trešnje Germersdorfer u cvatu.jpg
Stablo trešnje Germersdorfer u cvatu.jpg
File:Вишня войлочная 04.jpg
Вишня войлочная 04.jpg
File:Prunus ilicifolia ne1.jpg
Prunus ilicifolia ne1.jpg
File:20140808Prunus serotina2.jpg
20140808Prunus serotina2.jpg
File:Sara_Ploos_van_Amstel_-_The_Cherry_Seller_-_watercolor_after_Jacob_Ochtervelt.jpg
Sara_Ploos_van_Amstel_-_The_Cherry_Seller_...
File:Salvatore Postiglione Kirschenzeit.jpg
Salvatore Postiglione Kirschenzeit.jpg
File:Brunatna zgnilizna drzew pestkowych.jpg
Brunatna zgnilizna drzew pestkowych.jpg
File:Washington USA Rainier cherries.jpg
Washington USA Rainier cherries.jpg

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