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Cashew

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The cashew is a tropical evergreen tree known scientifically as Anacardium occidentale. It belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. This tree is highly valued because it produces two distinct edible parts. One is the cashew apple, which is a fleshy accessory fruit. The other is the true fruit, a kidney-shaped drupe often called a cashew nut. These products support massive global industries and diverse culinary traditions.

cashew nut production, World, 2023 (cropped)
cashew nut production, World, 2023 (cropped)

Understanding the growth of the cashew requires looking at its unique biology. The process begins with small flowers that grow in clusters called panicles or corymbs. These flowers start as pale green and turn reddish as they mature. First, a small fruit called a drupe develops on the tree. This drupe is the true fruit and contains a single seed encased in a shell. After the drupe forms, the pedicel, or the fruit stem, begins to expand. This expansion creates the cashew apple, which is an accessory fruit or pseudocarp. The fleshy apple grows to be about 7 to 10 centimeters long. It eventually hangs with the true nut at its very end.

cashew nut production, World, 2023 (cropped)
cashew nut production, World, 2023 (cropped)

Farmers utilize different types of cashew trees depending on their needs. The traditional cashew tree is a large evergreen that can grow up to 12 meters tall. These large trees require three years to start production. They take eight years to reach a level of economic harvest. In contrast, many commercial orchards use dwarf cultivars. These smaller trees grow to only about 3 meters in height. They are more profitable because they mature much faster. Dwarf trees start producing after just one year. They also reach economic yields after only three years. These varieties can produce over one ton of nuts per hectare.

cashew nut production, World, 2023 (cropped)
cashew nut production, World, 2023 (cropped)

The history of the cashew is tied to global exploration. The species is native to tropical South America. During the 1500s, Portuguese explorers distributed the trees around the world. Portuguese colonists in Brazil began exporting cashew nuts as early as the 1550s. Between 1560 and 1565, the Portuguese moved the trees to Goa, India. From India, the plant spread throughout Southeast Asia and eventually into Africa. The name "Anacardium" comes from Greek and Neo-Latin roots. It likely refers to the heart shape of the fruit or the seed. The Tupi word for the fruit means "nut that produces itself."

Global cashew production is a massive economic force. In 2023, the world harvested 3.9 million tons of cashew nuts. The Ivory Coast and India are the leading producers. Together, these two countries account for 46% of the total world supply.

cashew nut production, World, 2023 (cropped)
cashew nut production, World, 2023 (cropped)

In the food industry, cashews are highly nutritious. A 100-gram serving of raw cashews provides 553 kilocalories. They are rich in fats, providing 44% of their weight. They also offer significant amounts of protein and dietary fiber. Cashews are excellent sources of minerals like copper and manganese. They also provide high levels of magnesium, which is 79% to 110% of the Daily Value.

cashew nut production, World, 2023 (cropped)
cashew nut production, World, 2023 (cropped)

Cashews are used in many different ways across various cultures. In Indian cuisine, they are used in curries and sweets like kaju barfi. In the Philippines, they are eaten with a treat called suman. Some people even use them to make plant milk or cashew cheese. The cashew apple is also very versatile. It can be eaten fresh or cooked in curries. In Brazil, the juice is used for sweets and alcoholic beverages. In Goa, India, the juice is fermented to make a drink called feni. This beverage can have an alcohol content of 40% to 42%.

cashew nut production, World, 2023 (cropped)
cashew nut production, World, 2023 (cropped)

While cashews are delicious, they require careful handling due to their chemistry. The shell of the nut contains a phenolic resin called anacardic acid. This substance is a potent skin irritant. It is chemically related to urushiol, the oil found in poison ivy. Contact with the shell can cause contact dermatitis. Because of this, cashews are typically sold without their shells. However, the shells are still very useful in industry. Cashew nutshell liquid, or CNSL, is a byproduct of processing. This liquid is used to make varnishes, lubricants, and paints. Scientists are even researching its use in biotechnology and nanomaterials.

cashew nut production, World, 2023 (cropped)
cashew nut production, World, 2023 (cropped)
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