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Carbon sequestration

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Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storing carbon in a reservoir, often called a carbon pool. This process is essential for managing the global carbon cycle and mitigating climate change. By reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, sequestration helps slow the accumulation of greenhouse gases. These gases are primarily released when humans burn fossil fuels.

Carbon sequestration-2009-10-07
Carbon sequestration-2009-10-07

A carbon pool is a place in the Earth system where elements like carbon reside for a period of time. Sequestration can happen through natural cycles or through human-made technologies.

Biologic sequestration, or biosequestration, relies on living organisms to capture carbon. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air during photosynthesis as they grow. They bind this carbon into biomass, which includes their roots, stems, branches, and leaves.

Kelp Forest (12801115735)
Kelp Forest (12801115735)

This process creates terrestrial carbon sinks, such as forests, peatlands, and grasslands. In the ocean, biological processes involve kelp beds and other marine life. However, these biological stores can be volatile. If a forest suffers from disease or a wildfire, the stored carbon may be released back into the atmosphere.

Phytoplankton SoAtlantic 20060215
Phytoplankton SoAtlantic 20060215

Geologic sequestration offers a more permanent way to store carbon. This method involves capturing carbon dioxide and storing it in the Earth's crust. One way to do this is by injecting the gas into deep geological formations. These include saline formations and exhausted gas fields.

Aquistore wellhead
Aquistore wellhead

Another method is mineral sequestration, where carbon dioxide reacts with metal oxides. This reaction produces stable, insoluble carbonate salts. Because these salts are solid and stable, they are considered non-volatile. This means the carbon is effectively locked away for thousands or even millions of years.

Scientists and international organizations have studied these processes extensively. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides critical definitions and research. In their 2021 Sixth Assessment Report, the IPCC defined sequestration as storing carbon in a pool. They also highlight the importance of the ocean and cryosphere. In the United States, a 2021 Executive Order emphasized using conservation to restore carbon sink ecosystems. This order focused on the vital roles of farmers, landowners, and coastal communities in managing these natural reservoirs.

Forests play a massive role in the Earth's climate regulation. They sequester approximately 25% of human carbon emissions every year.

Proportion of carbon stock in forest carbon pools, 2020
Proportion of carbon stock in forest carbon pools, 2020

However, the efficiency of forests is changing. In 2019, forests absorbed one-third less carbon than they did in the 1990s. This decline was caused by higher temperatures, droughts, and deforestation. Some researchers predict that typical tropical forests could become carbon sources by the 2060s. This means they might release more carbon than they absorb.

New technologies and methods are being explored to increase sequestration. Large-scale seaweed farming is one biological method being studied. If seaweed is harvested and transported to the deep ocean for burial, it could sequester significant amounts of carbon.

WomenWorking SeaweedZanzibar 2
WomenWorking SeaweedZanzibar 2

In the realm of botany, some species like the Ficus tree show unique abilities. Certain Ficus species can sequester carbon as calcium oxalate. This process eventually produces calcium carbonate, which is a very stable form of storage. This specific method is being looked at for use in agroforestry.

Carbon sequestration connects many different scientific fields, from geology to biology. It involves understanding how the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere interact. Even human industry can participate through carbon capture and storage (CCS). This involves separating a pure stream of carbon dioxide from industrial sources. Engineers can then treat and transport that gas to a long-term storage location. By integrating these natural and technological methods, humanity seeks to balance the Earth's carbon levels.

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🖼️ Images & Media (13)
File:Carbon sequestration-2009-10-07.svg
Carbon sequestration-2009-10-07.svg
File:Proportion of carbon stock in forest carbon pools, 2020.svg
Proportion of carbon stock in forest...
File:Total forest carbon stock, by carbon pool, 2025.svg
Total forest carbon stock, by carbon...
File:Wetland in Skippack Township, MontCo PA.jpg
Wetland in Skippack Township, MontCo PA.jpg
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File:Panicum_virgaturn_heavy_metal_switch_grass_MN_2007.JPG
Panicum_virgaturn_heavy_metal_switch_grass...
File:Charcoal2.jpg
Charcoal2.jpg
File:Aquistore wellhead.jpg
Aquistore wellhead.jpg
File:Oceanic Food Web.jpg
Oceanic Food Web.jpg
File:Kelp_Forest_(12801115735).jpg
Kelp_Forest_(12801115735).jpg
File:Seagrass_at_Rapid_Bay_Jetty_P1262907.JPG
Seagrass_at_Rapid_Bay_Jetty_P1262907.JPG
File:WomenWorking SeaweedZanzibar 2.jpg
WomenWorking SeaweedZanzibar 2.jpg

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