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Canna (plant)

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The Canna is a genus of flowering plants that belongs to the family Cannaceae.

Canna Lily
Canna Lily

While many people call it the canna lily, it is not a true lily. Instead, modern science places it in the order Zingiberales. This means it is closely related to bananas, gingers, and birds of paradise.

Canna AugusteFerrier 1679
Canna AugusteFerrier 1679

These plants are important because they serve many purposes. They are used as beautiful ornamental plants in gardens around the world. They are also used in agriculture to provide starch for humans and animals.

Canna Edulis 2003072001 0014
Canna Edulis 2003072001 0014

Growing a canna involves a very specific biological mechanism. The plant is a herbaceous perennial that grows from rhizomes. A rhizome is a swollen, underground stem used for storage. These rhizomes store massive amounts of starch. In fact, cannas have the largest starch grains of all plant life.

Canna fruits
Canna fruits

Above the ground, the plant produces large, flat leaves. These leaves begin life growing out of a stem in a long, narrow roll. They then slowly unfurl to reach their full size. The flowers are also unique in how they are built. They have three small sepals and three small petals. However, the bright colors people see are actually modified stamens called staminodes.

Canna Lily
Canna Lily

There are several distinct types of cannas used today. Most plants found in gardens are cultivars, which are varieties developed by humans. Some cultivars are bred to be large-flowered garden plants. Others are selected for a smaller stature to fit in tight spaces.

There are also different foliage groups. Some leaves are solid green, while others are maroon, brownish, or variegated. In terms of wild species, there are about 20 known types. These wild species are native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the New World. This range stretches from the southern United States to northern Argentina.

Pink Canna
Pink Canna

The history of canna discovery is quite long. Native Americans in tropical America domesticated Canna indica thousands of years ago. They used the starchy roots, known as achira, for food.

The name "Canna" comes from the Latin word for a cane or reed. In the 1500s, Charles de l'Ecluse described and sketched C. indica. He noted that the name "indica" was a mistake. It was named that because it was originally transported from the West Indies. Later, in the 1860s, the plants were naturalized in Europe, India, and Africa.

Canna Alberich 20030824 014
Canna Alberich 20030824 014

Scientists have worked hard to organize the taxonomy of these plants. In the past, researchers believed there were between 50 and 100 different species. However, two taxonomists changed this understanding. Paul Maas from the Netherlands and Nobuyuki Tanaka from Japan re-categorized the genus. They assigned many former species as synonyms. This means they decided those plants were actually the same species. This work helped narrow the number of accepted species down significantly.

Cannas are highly useful in many different industries. The starch from the rhizomes is a major agricultural product. Beyond food, the plant provides materials for many crafts. The stems can provide fiber as a substitute for jute. Even the leaves can be harvested to make paper. This is done by scraping the skin and cooking the fibers with lye. The seeds also have many uses. They are used as beads for making jewelry.

hota-seed-canna
hota-seed-canna

In Réunion, the seeds are used for the kayamb musical instrument. In Zimbabwe, they are used for the hosho, which is a gourd rattle.

Finally, cannas connect to various ecological and environmental systems. They rely on specific pollinators to reproduce. These include bees, hummingbirds, sunbirds, and bats. The pollination mechanism is very specialized. In some species, the plant is self-pollinating because pollen is shed on the style while still in the bud. In later cultivars, the anther is lower. This forces pollinators to touch the stigma first before picking up pollen.

While they are mostly free of pests, they can face challenges. Insects like mealybugs or the canna leaf roller moth may visit them. However, these are usually not fatal if the gardener acts quickly.

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🖼️ Images & Media (15)
File:Canna AugusteFerrier 1679.jpg
Canna AugusteFerrier 1679.jpg
File:Canna Alberich 20030824 014.jpg
Canna Alberich 20030824 014.jpg
File:Cana Lily (not-a-real-lily) -- Canna.jpg
Cana Lily (not-a-real-lily) -- Canna.jpg
File:Canna Lily.jpg
Canna Lily.jpg
File:Red canna lily.jpg
Red canna lily.jpg
File:Pink Canna.JPG
Pink Canna.JPG
File:Canna Oberon 02.JPG
Canna Oberon 02.JPG
File:Canna YKH 1075.jpg
Canna YKH 1075.jpg
File:hota-seed-canna.jpg
hota-seed-canna.jpg
File:Cannaceae Canna L. Golden Gate.JPG
Cannaceae Canna L. Golden Gate.JPG
File:Canna TheresaBlakey 1061.jpg
Canna TheresaBlakey 1061.jpg
File:Canna Edulis 2003072001 0014.jpg
Canna Edulis 2003072001 0014.jpg

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