Bolt action

A person moves a metal handle by hand.

First, they turn the handle up. Then, they pull it back. This lets out the old part.

Next, they push the handle forward. This moves a new part into place. Finally, they turn the handle down to lock it. These tools are very strong and steady. They are used for hunting or for target practice.

Do you like tools that work by hand?

A bolt action is a way to use a firearm by hand.

Most people use a handle on the right side. Most of these tools are rifles. Some are shotguns or handguns.

Most use a rotating bolt. This is a set of steps. First, you turn the handle up. This unlocks the bolt. Next, you pull the handle back. This opens the breech, which is the back part of the barrel. This step lets out the used cartridge. It also cocks the striker. This is the part that makes the gun fire. Then, you push the handle forward. A new cartridge moves into the chamber. Finally, you turn the handle down to lock it tight.

Some guns use a straight-pull mechanism. You do not turn the handle up. You only pull it back.

Many soldiers used these in World War I. Today, they are used for hunting. They are also used for target shooting. They are very steady and reliable. This makes them great for sniper rifles.

A bolt action is a way to operate a firearm by hand.

Most people use a handle on the right side of the tool. Most bolt action firearms are rifles, but some are shotguns or handguns.

These tools are often used for repeating shots. However, some are designed to fire only one shot at a time. This is common in Olympic rifle sports. Many people use them today for hunting or target shooting. They are known for being very steady and reliable. Because they are so precise, they are still used as sniper rifles.

Most designs use a rotating turn-bolt to work. This is a specific way the tool moves step by step. First, the user rotates the handle upward to unlock the bolt. Next, they pull the handle backward to open the breech. This action lets out the used cartridge case. It also cocks the striker, which is the part that makes the tool fire.

Then, the user pushes the bolt forward. This moves a new cartridge from the magazine into the barrel chamber. Finally, the user rotates the handle down to lock the breech tight. Some tools use a straight-pull mechanism instead. In those, you only pull the handle back without turning it up first.

People have been making these tools for a long time. The first bolt action rifle was made in 1824 by Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse. He perfected his Needle Rifle by 1836. The Prussian Army adopted it in 1841. Other inventors like Béatus Beringer and Joseph Needham patented different versions in 1850 and 1852. During the American Civil War, the United States used Greene rifles in 1857. These used paper cartridges and were very complicated. Later, the French Army adopted the Chassepot rifle in 1866. Many different countries kept developing these designs throughout the late 1800s.

World War I was the peak time for these rifles. Almost every nation used them for their soldiers. During World War II, they began to be replaced by faster guns. However, they remained the main weapon for many combatants. In the United States, some units used the M1903 Springfield rifle. This was used until enough M1 Garand rifles were ready. Many modern designs come from the Mauser system. Paul Mauser designed the Gewehr 98, which is a very common system. It is strong and can handle high-pressure cartridges. Other famous systems include the Lee-Enfield and the Mosin-Nagant.

The Lee-Enfield system was introduced in 1889. It was named after James Paris Lee and the Enfield factory. This system is a "cock on closing" action. This means the bolt cocks the tool when you push it forward. This helps the shooter keep their eyes on the target.

It also has a safety feature where the bolt can flex. This helps protect the shooter if something goes wrong inside the chamber. Today, you might see these used by hunters for many different animals. Some people use single-shot versions for simple and accurate target shooting. Even shotguns like the M26 MASS use this manual way of working.

A bolt action is a manual method used to operate a firearm.

Most bolt-action firearms are rifles, though some shotguns and handguns use this system. This mechanism allows a user to repeat shots by manually cycling a component called a bolt. While many modern militaries use semi-automatic weapons, bolt-action designs remain vital today. They are frequently used as sniper rifles because they offer superior accuracy, reliability, and ruggedness.

They are also common in hunting and competitive target shooting. In many Olympic rifle disciplines, single-shot bolt-action designs are actually required.

Most designs utilize a rotating turn-bolt operation to function. The process begins when the shooter rotates the bolt handle upward. This movement unlocks the bolt from the receiver. Next, the user pulls the handle rearward to open the breech. This action extracts and ejects the spent cartridge case. It also cocks the striker, which is the internal part that triggers the shot. To prepare for the next shot, the user pushes the bolt forward. This movement pushes a new cartridge from the magazine into the barrel chamber. Finally, the user rotates the handle downward to lock the bolt head tightly against the receiver. A less common variation is the straight-pull mechanism. In this type, the bolt unlocks automatically when the handle is pulled rearward without needing an upward rotation.

The history of the bolt action began in the early 19th century. Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse produced the first bolt-action rifle in 1824. He perfected his Nadelgewehr, or Needle Rifle, by 1836. The Prussian Army adopted this rifle in 1841. Other inventors like Béatus Beringer and Joseph Needham patented metallic centerfire versions in 1850 and 1852. During the American Civil War, the United States used the Greene rifle in 1857. However, the Greene rifle used paper cartridges and was considered too complicated. The French Army adopted the Chassepot rifle in 1866 and the Gras rifle in 1874. By the late 1800s, military forces began moving toward box magazines, such as the British 1888 Lee–Metford.

World War I represented the height of bolt-action use across the globe. During World War II, these rifles began to be replaced by semi-automatic and fully automatic weapons. Despite this, bolt-action rifles remained the primary weapons for many combatants. For example, many United States Marine Corps units used the M1903 Springfield rifle until enough M1 Garand rifles were available. Today, the design is prized for its ability to deliver precise shots. This makes it ideal for hunting animals ranging from small vermin to large game on safari. It also allows the user to control the loading process more carefully than faster semi-automatic alternatives.

There are four major turn bolt-action designs used throughout history. These include the Remington M-700, the Mauser system, the Lee–Enfield system, and the Mosin–Nagant system. These systems differ in how the bolt fits the receiver and how many locking lugs they use. The Mauser system is the most common in the world. It was finalized in the Gewehr 98 designed by Paul Mauser. This system is very strong because it uses two locking lugs behind the bolt head. This strength allows it to handle high-pressure cartridges, such as the 8x68mm S magnum.

The Mauser system also features a "cock on opening" design. This means the upward rotation of the handle cocks the action.

The Lee–Enfield system was introduced in 1889. It is a "cock on closing" action, meaning the forward thrust of the bolt cocks the mechanism. This design allows a shooter to keep their eyes on the target without interruption.

One unique feature of the Lee–Enfield is that the bolt can flex between the lugs and the chamber. This provides a safety advantage if there is a failure in the chamber. However, a disadvantage is that the receiver must be made heavier to resist stretching forces. Because the bolt head is removable, users can sometimes fix issues with headspace by changing to a larger bolt head.

Bolt-action technology has even extended to shotguns and pistols. While rare, the M26 Modular Accessory Shotgun System is a modern example of a bolt-action shotgun.

In Australia, Mossberg 12-gauge bolt-action shotguns were briefly popular after 1997 law changes. These were considered awkward because they only had a three-round magazine. Some specialized pistols, like the British Welrod, also use this system. Whether used for military precision or sporting reliability, the bolt action remains a fundamental piece of mechanical engineering.