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Blackboard

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A blackboard, also called a chalkboard, is a reusable surface for writing or drawing.

Teacher at blackboard (1924)
Teacher at blackboard (1924)

It serves as a vital tool for sharing information in classrooms and businesses. Users create text or images using sticks of chalk. These sticks are made from specific minerals that allow them to leave marks on the board. This process allows for quick changes and easy erasing. The surface must be dark and matte to make the light-colored chalk visible.

There are several ways to manufacture a blackboard surface.

Chalkboard eraser, Waldorf School, East Lexington MA
Chalkboard eraser, Waldorf School, East Lexington MA

Original blackboards were made from thin, smooth sheets of dark grey or black slate stone. Modern versions can be created by painting a board with dark matte paint. Some people use closed-cell PVC foamboard, which is a matte black plastic, to make custom art. There are even adhesive rolls of textured black plastic for walls or doors. Some advanced designs use a coiled plastic sheet on parallel rollers. This allows a user to scroll the surface to find more writing space.

Craie2
Craie2

The highest quality blackboards are made of porcelain-enameled steel. This material can be black, green, blue, or other colors. Porcelain is extremely hard-wearing and durable. Because of this strength, these boards can last between 10 and 20 years under intensive use. In large lecture theatres, boards are often arranged in a grid. A lecturer can move specific boards into reach to write. They can then move them out of reach to show multiple pieces of information at once.

Chalk sticks are chemically different depending on their color.

Craie2
Craie2

White chalk is primarily composed of calcium carbonate, or CaCO3. This is derived from limestone or mineral chalk and typically contains 40% to 60% calcite. Colored chalk sticks are made from calcium sulphate in its dihydrate form, known as CaSO4·2H2O. This material is derived from gypsum. Because chalk sticks wear down quickly, many people use protective holders to prevent them from breaking.

History shows that writing surfaces have been used for centuries. In the 11th century, the writer Alberuni noted that Indian schools used black tablets. Students wrote from left to right using a white material. In Europe, large blackboards were used for music composition as early as the 16th century. The English term "blackboard" appeared in records by 1739. In the United States, George Baron used them for a mathematics lecture in 1801. James Pillans is credited with inventing colored chalk in 1814. He used a recipe involving dyes, ground chalk, and porridge.

Using blackboards can present certain challenges and environmental issues. The process of writing and erasing creates fine chalk dust. This dust can contribute to classroom air pollution. According to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, this dust may aggravate asthma or allergies. It can also interfere with dust-sensitive technology like computers. Over time, boards may experience "ghosting." This occurs when residual pigment from chalk or markers absorbs into the surface and cannot be erased.

Chalkboard eraser, Waldorf School, East Lexington MA
Chalkboard eraser, Waldorf School, East Lexington MA

Some people find the sounds associated with blackboards very unpleasant. The sound of metal objects or fingernails scratching the surface is extremely irritating to most people. A study by Professor Michael Oehler at the University of Cologne found that humans are "predisposed to detest" this sound. This research was presented to the Acoustical Society of America. Earlier research in 1986 by Vanderbilt psychologist Randolph Blake found the sound was still annoying even when high-pitch frequencies were removed. This specific finding earned Blake an Ig Nobel Prize in 2006.

Blackboards have even influenced social history and education methods. In 1830, Yale University experienced the "Conic Sections Rebellion." This was a student uprising caused by requirements to draw diagrams on blackboards. As technology changed, so did the names we use. Green porcelain enamel surfaces became common in 1930. As these became popular, the term "chalkboard" began to appear. By the 1950s, these green porcelain boards were common in American schools. These tools continue to bridge the gap between simple ideas and complex visual learning.

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Chalkboard eraser, Waldorf School, East...
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File:Teacher at blackboard (1924).jpg
Teacher at blackboard (1924).jpg
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