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Black rhinoceros

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The black rhinoceros, known scientifically as Diceros bicornis, is a vital species native to East and Southern Africa.

Black rhino maasai marai
Black rhino maasai marai

While its name suggests a dark color, these animals actually range in shade from grey to brown. They are the only living members of the genus Diceros. This species is currently classified as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This status means they face a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Today, the IUCN estimates that only 3,142 mature individuals remain in their natural habitats. They face constant threats from habitat reduction and poaching.

To understand how a black rhino survives, one must look at its specialized physical traits.

Flickr - Rainbirder - Meeting monsters
Flickr - Rainbirder - Meeting monsters

Unlike the white rhinoceros, which is a grazer that eats grass, the black rhino is a browser. This means it feeds on leaves and twigs from bushes and trees. To do this, it uses a pointed, prehensile upper lip. This lip acts like a small hand to grasp and pull at vegetation. Because they feed on higher plants, they hold their heads higher than white rhinos. Their thick, layered skin provides a necessary shield against thorns and sharp grasses.

Black rhino female nairobi
Black rhino female nairobi

Their horns are also essential tools for daily life and survival.

Diceros bicornis MNHN
Diceros bicornis MNHN

Most black rhinos possess two horns composed of keratin, the same material found in human fingernails. The larger front horn is typically the longest, sometimes reaching nearly one meter in length. Occasionally, a third, smaller horn may develop on the skull. Rhinos use these horns for defense against predators and for intimidation. They also use them as tools to break branches or dig up roots for food. While many assume they have poor eyesight, their vision is comparable to that of a rabbit. They rely heavily on their excellent sense of smell and ears that can rotate widely to detect sounds.

Scientists have a long history of studying these animals. Carl Linnaeus first named the species Rhinoceros bicornis in 1758. This name translates to "double-horned rhinoceros."

Diceros bicornis MNHN
Diceros bicornis MNHN

There was historical confusion regarding this name. It is possible Linnaeus based his description on an Indian rhinoceros skull that had a second horn added artificially. However, the name eventually became firmly attached to the African species. In 1911, the Cape of Good Hope was officially declared the type locality for the species. This helped clarify the scientific identity of the black rhinoceros.

The history of the black rhino includes several lost subspecies.

Black rhino female nairobi
Black rhino female nairobi

The Southern or Cape black rhinoceros was once the largest subspecies but became extinct around 1850 due to hunting and habitat loss. The North-eastern black rhinoceros also vanished during the early 20th century. In 2011, the IUCN officially declared the western black rhinoceros extinct. The last known wild specimens of that group lived in northern Cameroon. Other subspecies, like the Chobe black rhinoceros, are now nearly extinct. Some researchers recognize up to eight subspecies, while others use a system of five distinct eco-types.

Conservation efforts often involve moving rhinos to safer areas.

Black Rhinos Kenya
Black Rhinos Kenya

This process, called translocation, has helped reestablish populations in several countries. For example, rhinos were successfully reintroduced to Malawi, Zambia, and Botswana after they had previously gone extinct there. In May 2017, conservationists moved 18 eastern black rhinos from South Africa to Akagera National Park in Rwanda. These efforts aim to protect the remaining population from the dangers of poaching and shrinking habitats.

Black rhinos also play a role in complex biological relationships.

Black rhino female nairobi
Black rhino female nairobi

Small birds, such as oxpeckers and egrets, are often seen on their skin. For a long time, scientists believed this was a mutualistic relationship where birds ate parasites like ticks and mites. However, newer evidence suggests the birds might actually be parasites themselves by feeding on the rhino's blood. Regardless of the exact nature of the bond, these interactions are a constant part of the rhino's environment. Understanding these connections helps scientists better grasp how the black rhinoceros fits into the wider African ecosystem.

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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:Diceros bicornis MNHN.jpg
Diceros bicornis MNHN.jpg
File:Black rhino female nairobi.jpg
Black rhino female nairobi.jpg
File:Black Rhinos (Diceros bicornis bicornis) female and young ... (32573821475).jpg
Black Rhinos (Diceros bicornis bicornis)...
File:Spitzmaulnashorn in Namibia.jpg
Spitzmaulnashorn in Namibia.jpg
File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Meeting monsters.jpg
Flickr - Rainbirder - Meeting monsters.jpg
File:Diceros bicornis - profile - Etosha 2014.jpg
Diceros bicornis - profile - Etosha 2014.jpg
File:Black Rhinos Kenya.jpg
Black Rhinos Kenya.jpg
File:Black rhino maasai marai.jpg
Black rhino maasai marai.jpg
File:Milwaukee Public Museum February 2023 29 (Africa--Eastern Africa--Savanna Bush, black rhinoceros).jpg
Milwaukee Public Museum February 2023 29...
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