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Bayonet

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A bayonet is a melee weapon designed for close combat. It can be shaped like a knife, a dagger, a sword, or a spike. The weapon is meant to be mounted on the end of a long firearm. This includes rifles, carbines, or muskets. When attached, the firearm can be used like a spear. This allows a soldier to engage in combat at very close range.

The British Army in Britain, 1941 H10633
The British Army in Britain, 1941 H10633

While they were once vital for infantry, modern bayonets are considered weapons of last resort. They are rarely used in actual combat today. Instead, they serve non-combat purposes like military parades, crowd control, or as utility knives.

The history of the bayonet is linked to the town of Bayonne in southwestern France. The term likely derives from this location, where Basques supposedly first used them in the 17th century. Some accounts suggest the invention occurred in France or Germany as early as 1570. By the 16th century, the term "bayonette" was already in use. However, it is unclear if those early versions were firearm attachments or simply a type of knife. For example, a 1611 dictionary described them as small pocket daggers or large knives worn at a belt.

子母鳥銃
子母鳥銃

The earliest recorded instance of a proper bayonet appears in a Chinese military treatise from 1606. This was a "gun-knife" used with a breech-loading musket. It was a short sword that inserted into the barrel and was secured by twisting it. This tool was meant for when gunpowder and bullets were depleted. It was also used against bandits or during ambushes. If a soldier could not reload within the time it took to cover 3.2 meters of ground, they would attach the bayonet and hold it like a spear.

子母鳥銃
子母鳥銃

Early European bayonets were of the "plug" type. A plug bayonet had a round handle that slid directly into the musket barrel. This design had a major flaw: it prevented the gun from being fired. Soldiers had to wait until the very last moment to attach them. This weakness was seen at the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689. There, Jacobite Highlanders defeated forces loyal to William of Orange by charging quickly before the loyalists could fix their bayonets. Following this, Hugh Mackay is believed to have introduced the socket bayonet.

Musee-historique-lausanne-img 0095
Musee-historique-lausanne-img 0095

A socket bayonet features a mount that fits around the outside of the barrel. This allows the soldier to fire and reload the weapon while the bayonet is still attached. Early versions were sometimes unsuccessful because they would fall off. However, by the mid-18th century, most European armies had adopted them. The French introduced a spring-loaded locking system in 1703 to keep the bayonet secure. Around 1715, they also introduced a triangular blade, which was stronger than earlier models.

Bayonette-p1000740
Bayonette-p1000740

Some bayonets were designed as long-bladed sword bayonets. These could be used as short swords if detached from the rifle. They were often used to help riflemen form infantry squares to defend against cavalry. The Pattern 1800 Infantry Rifle, or "Baker Rifle," is a prime example. In the 1860s, new bolt-action breechloading rifles like the Chassepot were developed. These used sword bayonets that were suitable for mass production.

Chassepot-diag
Chassepot-diag

Many bayonets were designed to be multipurpose tools. The "sawback" bayonet featured teeth on the spine of the blade. These were used to cut wood for defensive works or to butcher livestock. German states adopted these in 1865, and they were used by several nations until the middle of World War I. Another design was the trowel or spade bayonet. In 1870, the US Army issued these to infantry regiments. Designed by Lieutenant-Colonel Edmund Rice, these could be used for digging entrenchments or even plastering log huts.

U.S. BAYONET MODEL 1873 TROWEL
U.S. BAYONET MODEL 1873 TROWEL

The evolution of the bayonet reflects the advancement of firearm technology. As guns became more efficient at long distances, the bayonet moved from a primary offensive weapon to a specialized tool. The shift toward sword bayonets was even seen by some as an acknowledgment that fixed bayonets would be used less often. Today, the bayonet remains a significant piece of military history, showing how tools are adapted to meet the changing needs of soldiers in the field.

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🖼️ Images & Media (20)
File:The British Army in Britain, 1941 H10633.jpg
The British Army in Britain, 1941 H10633.jpg
File:子母鳥銃.png
子母鳥銃.png
File:02 158 Book illustrations of Historical description of the clothes and weapons of Russian troops.jpg
02 158 Book illustrations of Historical...
File:Musee-historique-lausanne-img 0095.jpg
Musee-historique-lausanne-img 0095.jpg
File:Bayonette-p1000740.jpg
Bayonette-p1000740.jpg
File:Chassepot-diag.jpg
Chassepot-diag.jpg
File:Chassepot bayonet assembly.jpg
Chassepot bayonet assembly.jpg
File:Bayonet, sawback (AM 1983.150-5).jpg
Bayonet, sawback (AM 1983.150-5).jpg
File:U.S. BAYONET MODEL 1873 TROWEL.jpg
U.S. BAYONET MODEL 1873 TROWEL.jpg
File:Großbeeren 1813.jpg
Großbeeren 1813.jpg
File:Currier-Ives Third Petersburg.jpg
Currier-Ives Third Petersburg.jpg
File:Cpe french bayonet 01.jpg
Cpe french bayonet 01.jpg

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