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Bathtub

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A bathtub, often called a bath or a tub, is a container designed to hold water for bathing.

Common bathtub
Common bathtub

Humans use these vessels to clean their bodies or to relax. Modern bathtubs are found in bathrooms as stand-alone fixtures or part of a shower system. They are made from many different materials. These include thermoformed acrylic, fiberglass-reinforced polyester, or porcelain-enameled steel and cast iron. The design of a tub often depends on how the person intends to use it. This leads to different styles based on whether the person lies down or sits up.

There are two primary styles of bathing used around the world. Western-style bathtubs are designed for reclining. These tubs are typically long and shallow to accommodate a lying position. In contrast, Eastern-style bathtubs are designed for sitting. In Japan, these are known as furo. Furo tubs are typically short and deep.

Baignoire en terre cuite période mycénienne
Baignoire en terre cuite période mycénienne

Modern tubs also feature specific plumbing mechanisms. They include overflow and waste drains. These drains can be positioned as right-hand, left-hand, center, or even reversible drains. Many modern tubs also have hot and cold water valves mounted directly on them.

Clawfoot bathtubs are a famous and distinct category of bath.

Clawfoot bathtub
Clawfoot bathtub

These tubs feature legs shaped like animal feet. They can come in four major styles. The classic roll rim bathtub is also called a roll top or flat rim tub. Slipper bathtubs, known as slipper baths in the UK, have one end that is raised and sloped. This creates a comfortable lounging position. Double slipper bathtubs have both ends raised and sloped. Finally, double-ended bathtubs have both ends rounded, unlike the classic style which has one flat end.

Other specialized designs exist for different needs. Pedestal bathtubs rest on a pedestal and often feature an Art Deco style.

Ligbad van het merk Ahlmann - INDUS V08718
Ligbad van het merk Ahlmann - INDUS V08718

For the youngest bathers, baby bathtubs are used. These can be small stand-alone tubs or devices that support an infant inside a standard tub. Many are designed to keep a baby's head out of the water while they recline. There are also soft bathtubs made of foam or soft plastic with non-slip coatings. These were marketed heavily to children and the elderly by the 1990s to prevent falls.

Wooden bathtubs for children and infants - 06
Wooden bathtubs for children and infants - 06

Even portable options exist, such as inflatable bathtubs that use air-filled pillows and armrests.

Human history with bathing and plumbing is very long. Documented plumbing systems for bathing date back to approximately 3300 BC. This was discovered through copper water pipes found beneath a palace in ancient Europe. The earliest surviving personal-sized bathtub was found on the Isle of Crete. This tub was a long pedestal style built from hardened pottery.

Baignoire en terre cuite période mycénienne
Baignoire en terre cuite période mycénienne

Evidence of pedestal tubs on Crete also dates to around 1000 BC. The design of the clawfoot tub has origins in the Netherlands. It eventually spread to England as hydrotherapy became a fashionable practice.

In England, early tubs were made of tin, copper, or cast iron. These often had paint that peeled over time. Around 1850, vitreous enamel was first applied commercially to steel and sheet iron in Germany and Austria. In the late 19th century, clawfoot tubs were considered luxury items. They were typically made of cast iron and lined with porcelain. One early method involved applying a porcelain coating to a cast iron horse trough.

This style remained popular from the 1880s until the 1930s.

Several historical events changed bathtub design. After World War I, a flu epidemic occurred. People became very concerned with germs and cleanliness. They worried that the hard-to-reach spaces under clawfoot tubs were breeding grounds for germs. Although this was not true, it changed bathroom design. In 1912, the William Howard Taft administration broke up the porcelain trust. This was a cartel that controlled the costs of porcelain fixtures. Later, in 1928, the Crane Company introduced colored fixtures to the United States. This, along with easier cleaning options, led to the decline of clawfoot tubs. In 1979, James R. and Richard Wheeler adapted acrylic technology to create modern, durable acrylic bathtubs.

One Week (1920)
One Week (1920)

Bathtubs are also used for recreation and therapy. Hot tubs are heated pools used for relaxation. They were quite popular in the United States between 1967 and 1980. Whirlpool tubs became popular in the U.S. during the 1960s and 1970s. A spa or hot tub is sometimes called a "jacuzzi." This name comes from the manufacturer Jacuzzi, which introduced the "Spa Whirlpool" in 1968.

Kuhne-baths-in-Finland-1910s
Kuhne-baths-in-Finland-1910s

These tubs can use an air-bleed venturi pump to introduce air bubbles into the nozzles.

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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:Clawfoot bathtub.jpg
Clawfoot bathtub.jpg
File:231 Lansing Lynchburg Va (3501022710) CROP.jpg
231 Lansing Lynchburg Va (3501022710) CROP.jpg
File:Baignoire en terre cuite période mycénienne.jpg
Baignoire en terre cuite période mycénienne.jpg
File:Kuhne-baths-in-Finland-1910s.jpg
Kuhne-baths-in-Finland-1910s.jpg
File:Mechanical Contracting and Plumbing January-December 1909 (1909) (14783808735).jpg
Mechanical Contracting and Plumbing...
File:One Week (1920).jpg
One Week (1920).jpg
File:Common bathtub.jpg
Common bathtub.jpg
File:Ligbad van het merk Ahlmann - INDUS V08718.jpg
Ligbad van het merk Ahlmann - INDUS V08718.jpg
File:Slipper bathtub in Amsterdam store window.jpg
Slipper bathtub in Amsterdam store window.jpg
File:Wooden bathtubs for children and infants - 06.JPG
Wooden bathtubs for children and infants - 06.JPG
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