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Baseball (ball)

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A baseball is a highly specialized object used in the sport of baseball. It is far more than just a round sphere for hitting. The ball's construction determines how it interacts with the air and the bat.

Baseball (crop)
Baseball (crop)

A regulation ball must meet very strict requirements for its weight and size. In Major League Baseball, the ball weighs between 5 and 5.25 ounces. It also has a circumference between 9 and 9.25 inches. These precise measurements ensure that every player faces the same conditions during a game.

The creation of a baseball is a complex, multi-step process. It begins with a central core made of either cork or rubber.

Baseball center comparison
Baseball center comparison

This core is then wrapped in layers of yarn to create a smooth shape. In 1925, Milton Reach patented a "cushion cork" center. This design used a cork core surrounded by layers of black and red rubber. After the first layers of yarn, a special rubber cement coating is applied. More layers of yarn are then wrapped around the ball to add density. Finally, two pieces of white leather, often horsehide or cowhide, are stitched together. Most professional balls are still handmade because machines cannot perfectly replicate this quality.

There are different types of baseballs used depending on the level of play. Major League Baseball (MLB) and Triple-A minor league baseball use the same high-quality specifications. However, balls used in lower minor leagues, such as Double-A, are made to be more durable. In Little League and college games, the seams are often much higher than professional balls. The stitching pattern is also vital to the ball's performance. A regulation ball has 108 double stitches, which equals 216 individual stitches. These red-dyed stitches create drag as the ball moves through the air. This interaction allows a pitcher to control the ball's trajectory. By adjusting the speed of rotation and the orientation of the stitches, pitchers can throw specific pitches. These include the curveball, slider, sinker, cutter, and the four-seam fastball.

The history of the baseball shows a long journey toward standardization. In the mid-1800s, balls varied wildly in shape and weight. Some were called "lemon peel" balls because of their unique four-line stitching. These balls were smaller and lighter, which caused them to bounce higher and travel further. In the mid-1850s, teams in New York attempted to set standards for weight and size. During the "dead-ball era," which lasted until 1920, balls were often wound loosely. These "dead balls" did not travel as far as the "live balls" that were wound tightly. In 1910, the cork-core ball was introduced to replace older rubber cores. This change allowed balls to be hit faster and further than before.

Many individuals contributed to the design of the modern baseball. There is no single agreement on who invented the common figure-8 stitching. Some historians credit Ellis Drake, a shoemaker's son, with creating it for durability. Others suggest Colonel William A. Cutler invented it. In 1858, William Harwood began mass-producing these designs in Massachusetts. Later, Albert Spalding convinced the National League to adopt his specific ball design. In 1934, the National and American Leagues finally reached a compromise on a single standard. This standard included the cushion cork center and specific yarn wrappings used today.

Changes in manufacturing and materials have often impacted the game's scoring. In 1920, manufacturers began using machine winders and high-grade yarn from Australia. This immediately caused offensive statistics to rise. During World War II, a ban on rubber forced manufacturers to use balata, a material from a tropical tree. This change caused hitting to decline significantly that year. In 1947, the introduction of synthetic rubber allowed balls to return to normal. In 1979, cowhide began replacing horsehide due to a shortage of the latter. Today, the company Rawlings manufactures the official MLB balls in Costa Rica.

Modern technology and data now play a role in how baseballs are managed. In 2016, a sudden increase in home runs led MLB to study the manufacturing process. Officials suggested that a lower stitching seam profile might have caused the increase. In 2021, Rawlings altered its process to reduce the ball's bounce. Some teams also use devices called humidors to store their baseballs. As of 2020, only the Arizona Diamondbacks, Boston Red Sox, Colorado Rockies, and Seattle Mariners used them. These tools help maintain the consistency of the ball's performance throughout a game.

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