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Bactrian camel

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

The Bactrian camel, known scientifically as Camelus bactrianus, is a massive mammal native to the steppes of Central Asia.

Bactrian.camel.twice.arp
Bactrian.camel.twice.arp

Often called the two-humped camel, it is a vital part of the ecosystems and human histories in its region. These animals are built to survive in some of the most extreme environments on Earth. They can handle freezing temperatures and blistering heat with ease. Because of this hardiness, they have been essential to human travel and trade for millennia.

Camel - panoramio (2)
Camel - panoramio (2)

To survive in harsh environments, the Bactrian camel has developed several specialized physical traits. The most famous feature is the two humps on its back. Contrary to popular belief, these humps do not store water; instead, they store fat. This fat provides a vital energy source when food is scarce. When a camel is well-fed, its humps appear plump and erect. However, as resources decline, the humps may shrink or lean to the side.

Camelus bactrianus (54905392882)
Camelus bactrianus (54905392882)

Their bodies are also designed for extreme weather and difficult terrain. They possess a long, wooly coat that ranges from dark brown to sandy beige. In the winter, this shaggy coat acts like a heavy insulator against the cold. When summer arrives, the camel sheds this coat very rapidly in large sections. To navigate sandy deserts and stony plains, they have broad, tough toes. These toes spread widely to prevent the animal from sinking into the sand.

Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)
Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)

The history of our understanding of these animals stretches back thousands of years. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle was the first European to describe them. In his 4th-century BCE work, *History of Animals*, he identified the two-humped Bactrian camel. Much later, the Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus gave the species its official binomial name, *Camelus bactrianus*, in his 1758 publication, *Systema Naturae*.

Camel skeleton at MAV-USP
Camel skeleton at MAV-USP

Genetics show a complex history for the Bactrian camel species. While domestic Bactrian camels and wild Bactrian camels (*Camelus ferus*) look similar, they are separate species. Their mitochondrial genomes suggest they diverged about 1 million years ago. Interestingly, both species are closely related to the extinct giant camel, *Camelus knoblochi*, which disappeared about 20,000 years ago. Even though they are different species, domestic Bactrian camels and dromedary camels can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

Bactrian camels are masters of water conservation and resourcefulness. They can survive for months without water, but they are capable of drinking up to 135 liters in a single day when it is available. In winter, they even consume snow to meet their hydration needs. Their diet is incredibly diverse because they are herbivores with very tough mouths. They can eat prickly, salty, or bitter plants that other animals cannot. In extreme cases, they have even been known to eat non-food items like rope or tents.

Babybactrian
Babybactrian

Humanity has relied on these animals for much of its history in inner Asia. Domesticated around 2500 BCE, they served as the primary pack animals for the Silk Road. They were capable of carrying heavy loads over long distances, which allowed trade caravans to cross difficult terrain. Today, they remain important to pastoralist communities in China, Mongolia, and Central Asia. They provide milk, wool, and transportation, supporting the livelihoods of many people in these regions.

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File:Camel skeleton at MAV-USP.jpg
Camel skeleton at MAV-USP.jpg
File:Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).JPG
Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).JPG
File:Camelus bactrianus in western Mongolia 01.jpg
Camelus bactrianus in western Mongolia 01.jpg
File:Camelus bactrianus (54905392882).jpg
Camelus bactrianus (54905392882).jpg
File:Babybactrian.jpg
Babybactrian.jpg
File:Bactrian.camel.twice.arp.jpg
Bactrian.camel.twice.arp.jpg
File:Camel - panoramio (2).jpg
Camel - panoramio (2).jpg
File:Greenway BactrianCamel AgathaChristie January2024 NT CCBYSA open.jpg
Greenway BactrianCamel AgathaChristie...
File:Bactrian Camels Indian Army.jpg
Bactrian Camels Indian Army.jpg
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