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Automotive design

technology Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Automotive design is the professional process of developing the appearance and ergonomics of motor vehicles. This work includes cars, motorcycles, trucks, buses, coaches, and vans. While automotive engineering focuses on how a vehicle works, design focuses on aesthetics, or visual beauty. Designers also create product concepts to define how a vehicle will look and feel. This process is a blend of artistry and engineering. Designers often have backgrounds in art, industrial design, or transportation design.

1961 AMC PRfoto Designers
1961 AMC PRfoto Designers

The design task is typically split into three main areas. Exterior design focuses on the proportions, shape, and surface details of the vehicle. Interior design handles the placement and surfaces of the instrument panel, seats, and door trim. This role emphasizes ergonomics, which is the study of comfort and ease of use for passengers. Color and trim design involves researching and developing all materials used on the vehicle. This includes paints, plastics, leather, wood, and fabrics.

Bertone Birusa 2003 1
Bertone Birusa 2003 1

Graphic design is also used to create badges, decals, and dashboard dials.

The development process follows a specific sequence of steps. It begins with manual sketches and digital drawings. These are refined through digital rendering and consumer feedback. Next, designers create models using industrial plasticine, which is a special type of clay.

Taurusdesign2
Taurusdesign2

Modern teams use three- and five-axis CNC milling machines to carve these clay models from computer data. Even with advanced 3D software, the clay model remains the most important tool for final evaluation. Eventually, the team creates quarter-scale and full-sized mock-ups.

Opel 50 Jahre Design (14541643013)
Opel 50 Jahre Design (14541643013)

Advanced digital modeling is also a critical part of the modern cycle. Designers use Computer-Aided Styling (CAS) to transform sketches into 3D digital surfaces. These models must eventually meet Class-A surface standards. Class-A refers to high-quality surfaces that meet both aesthetic and manufacturing requirements. To achieve this, modelers use software like Autodesk Alias or ICEM Surf. They aim for uniform surface continuity, specifically the G3 grade, which ensures the cleanest transitions between patches.

Schizzo1 lat.
Schizzo1 lat.

History shows how the industry shifted from function to form. In the early days, manufacturers prioritized making vehicles simple and reliable. By the 1930s, artists began working with engineers to add styling. In the United States, Alfred P. Sloan Jr. of General Motors changed the market in the 1920s. He introduced annual model-year changes to encourage people to buy new vehicles. This strategy was sometimes called planned obsolescence. This approach helped GM surpass Ford in sales by 1931.

BuickY-Job(1938)1
BuickY-Job(1938)1

Other figures and events shaped the look of the road. Harley Earl is credited with inventing the concept car and using aeronautical themes like the tailfin.

In 1934, Chrysler attempted to use aerodynamics with the Airflow model. However, the radical design faced low consumer acceptance. Today, the design team for a single model usually consists of 25 to 40 members. The entire development cycle can last more than 24 months before a vehicle is ready for production.

Automotive design is deeply connected to many other fields. Designers draw inspiration from fashion, architecture, and home furnishing. They also track global trends using research and trend boards. This helps them design vehicles for two to three model years in the future. Modern designers must also integrate new technology into their work. This includes designing for GPS navigation, satellite radio, and smartphone interfaces.

Jeep Cherokee 2.5 1988 (15289674633)
Jeep Cherokee 2.5 1988 (15289674633)

Even new tools like artificial intelligence are now being used to automate repetitive tasks, allowing designers to focus on high-level innovation.

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File:1961 AMC PRfoto Designers.jpg
1961 AMC PRfoto Designers.jpg
File:Bertone Birusa 2003 1.jpg
Bertone Birusa 2003 1.jpg
File:4-OScar1.jpg
4-OScar1.jpg
File:Schizzo1 lat..jpg
Schizzo1 lat..jpg
File:Taurusdesign2.jpg
Taurusdesign2.jpg
File:Opel 50 Jahre Design (14541643013).jpg
Opel 50 Jahre Design (14541643013).jpg
File:BuickY-Job(1938)1.JPG
BuickY-Job(1938)1.JPG
File:56 Plymouth Belvedere 4 Door Hardtop (Sports sedan).jpg
56 Plymouth Belvedere 4 Door Hardtop...
File:Jeep Cherokee 2.5 1988 (15289674633).jpg
Jeep Cherokee 2.5 1988 (15289674633).jpg
File:Voisin C26 Catalogue.jpg
Voisin C26 Catalogue.jpg
File:12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25 6 7 8 9 fused edit.jpg
12-03-01-autostadtr-by-RalfR-25 6 7 8 9...
File:Sierra 3 door - an early one.jpg
Sierra 3 door - an early one.jpg

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