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Australian magpie

life science Maturity 7-9 Next article →

The Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen) is a striking black and white passerine bird.

Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen) with juvenile Taveuni
Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen) with juvenile Taveuni

It is native to the regions of Australia and southern New Guinea. This species has also been introduced to New Zealand and the Fijian island of Taveuni. While many people think they are related to the Eurasian magpie, they are actually quite different. The Eurasian magpie belongs to the corvid family. In contrast, the Australian magpie belongs to the family Artamidae. This bird is highly regarded as one of Australia's most accomplished songbirds due to its complex vocalizations.

Physically, the adult magpie is a robust bird with very specific features. It possesses a solid, wedge-shaped bill that is bluish-white with a black border and a small hook at the tip. Their plumage is a glossy mix of pure black and white. The males and females look very similar, but you can tell them apart by their back markings. A male has pure white feathers on the back of its head. A female has white feathers that blend into grey.

Cracticus tibicen tibicen juvenile ANBG
Cracticus tibicen tibicen juvenile ANBG

They also have gold-brown eyes and long, strong black legs. Because of these long legs, they walk across the ground rather than hopping or waddling.

As omnivores, Australian magpies eat a wide variety of foods. The bulk of their diet consists of invertebrates, which are small animals like insects. They spend much of their time on the ground searching for these food sources. They are generally sedentary and territorial, meaning they stay in one area and defend it. They have adapted very well to living near humans. You can frequently find them in parks, gardens, and on farmlands. In many Australian households, people even regularly feed them.

Magpies are famous for their intelligence and their protective behavior. Research has shown that these birds can recognize at least 100 different people. This intelligence might even make them less likely to attack someone they have befriended. However, during the spring and sometimes in autumn, a small minority of breeding males become aggressive. They will swoop and attack people who get too close to their nests.

Big Swoop December 2022
Big Swoop December 2022

This behavior is a way to protect their young.

SubmissiveMagpie
SubmissiveMagpie

Scientists have spent a long time studying the history and classification of this bird. The English ornithologist John Latham first described the species in 1801. He originally named it Coracias tibicen. The name "tibicen" comes from the Latin word for a flute-player or piper. This was a reference to the bird's melodious calls. Many different cultures have their own names for the bird. For example, the Eora and Darug people used names like Tarra-won-nang. In South Australia, where the bird is a state emblem, the Kaurna people call it kurraka.

Taxonomy, or the science of naming and grouping living things, has changed for the magpie. For much of the 20th century, scientists thought there were three separate species: the black-backed, white-backed, and western magpie. However, they noticed these birds hybridize, or breed together, where their territories meet. This results in common grey or striped-backed hybrids. In 1969, Julian Ford reclassified them as a single species. Modern genetic studies in 2013 showed they are a sister taxon to the black butcherbird. This means they share a very close evolutionary relationship.

Magpie inflight
Magpie inflight

There are currently nine recognized subspecies of the Australian magpie. These subspecies often show different physical traits based on where they live. For instance, the long-billed magpie (G. tibicen longirostris) lives in northern Western Australia. It has a long, thin bill that may help it pick at scorpions and spiders. Other subspecies, like the large white-backed form (G. tibicen tyrannica), are found in southern Victoria. There is a general tendency for these birds to become larger as they live further south. This variation helps them survive in their specific environments.

Beyond science, the Australian magpie holds a special place in culture. It serves as the mascot for several sporting teams in Australia and New Zealand. Examples include the Collingwood Magpies and the Hawke's Bay Magpies. However, their introduction to some areas has caused problems. Over 1,000 birds were introduced to New Zealand between 1864 and 1874. Eventually, they were deemed to be displacing native birds. Because of this, they are now treated as a pest species in New Zealand. In places like Fiji and the Solomon Islands, they are not considered invasive.

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🖼️ Images & Media (6)
File:Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen) with juvenile Taveuni.jpg
Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen)...
File:Cracticus tibicen tibicen juvenile ANBG.jpg
Cracticus tibicen tibicen juvenile ANBG.jpg
File:Magpie inflight.jpg
Magpie inflight.jpg
Magpie - Australia - 2023.webm
File:SubmissiveMagpie.jpg
SubmissiveMagpie.jpg
File:Big Swoop December 2022.jpg
Big Swoop December 2022.jpg
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