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Arabic

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Arabic is a major Central Semitic language within the Afroasiatic family. It is spoken primarily throughout the Arab world. Today, it is the fifth-most spoken language globally, with roughly 380 million speakers. This total includes both native and non-native speakers. Arabic also holds a massive digital presence. It is the fourth-most used language on the internet.

Arabic Varieties Map-2023
Arabic Varieties Map-2023

The language serves several vital global roles. It is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. For more than two billion Muslims, it is the liturgical language of Islam. This means it is the language used for religious services. In the professional world, Arabic is highly valued. In 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked it as the fourth-most useful language for business. It follows only English, Mandarin Chinese, and French.

Writing Arabic requires using a specific system called an abjad. This is a script where most letters represent consonants. Unlike English, Arabic is written from right to left. The modern alphabet consists of 28 letters.

Arabic script evolution
Arabic script evolution

This system evolved significantly over many centuries. Early versions of the script did not use dots to distinguish between different letters. However, by 643 CE, the oldest surviving Arabic papyrus shows the use of dots. These dots helped create the modern 28-letter alphabet we recognize today.

Birmingham Quran manuscript full
Birmingham Quran manuscript full

The history of Arabic begins with many related dialects in antiquity. In the Arabian Peninsula, various Semitic languages were spoken. Some of these included Dadanitic and Taymanitic in the northern Hejaz. Scholars also study Safaitic and Hismaic inscriptions. These are considered "Old Arabic" because they share specific linguistic innovations with later forms.

One of the earliest continuous Arabic texts is poetry from around 125 CE. Another famous example is the Namara inscription from 328 CE.

Epitaph Imru-l-Qays Louvre AO4083
Epitaph Imru-l-Qays Louvre AO4083

As the language grew, scholars worked to standardize its complex rules. Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali is credited with standardizing Arabic grammar, known as an-naḥw. He also pioneered diacritics to help non-Arabs differentiate consonants. Another scholar, Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, compiled the first Arabic dictionary. This work was called Kitāb al-'Ayn.

Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r
Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r

Standardization was completed around the end of the 8th century. This process helped transform Arabic into a precise tool for science and philosophy.

Arabic has had a profound impact on other world languages. During the Middle Ages, it was a primary vehicle for learning. Because of this, many European languages borrowed words from Arabic. This is especially true for Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, and Sicilian. This influence happened due to the Arabic cultural presence in Southern Iberia during the Al-Andalus era.

Menulis khat
Menulis khat

Many other languages have also been shaped by Arabic. These include Persian, Turkish, Swahili, and even Maltese, which developed from an Arabic dialect.

Linguistically, Classical Arabic is considered a very conservative language. It preserved many features from Proto-Semitic that other languages lost. For example, it kept the complete three grammatical cases and declension, called ʾiʿrāb. It also preserves 28 out of 29 possible consonantal phonemes. This makes it essential for reconstructing the history of the entire Semitic language family. Through its history and structure, Arabic remains a powerful bridge between different cultures and eras.

521 words

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🖼️ Images & Media (12)
File:Safaitic script with a figure of a camel on a red sandstone fragment, from es-Safa, currently housed in the British Museum.jpg
Safaitic script with a figure of a camel...
Arabic Swadesh list 1-100.webm
File:Epitaph Imru-l-Qays Louvre AO4083.jpg
Epitaph Imru-l-Qays Louvre AO4083.jpg
File:Flag of the Arab League.svg
Flag of the Arab League.svg
File:Flag of Hejaz (1917).svg
Flag of Hejaz (1917).svg
File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg
Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg
File:Folio Blue Quran Met 2004.88.jpg
Folio Blue Quran Met 2004.88.jpg
File:Arabic_script_evolution.svg
Arabic_script_evolution.svg
File:Arabic Varieties Map-2023.svg
Arabic Varieties Map-2023.svg
File:Ibn_al-Bawwab_-_Qurʾan_f._278v-279r.jpg
Ibn_al-Bawwab_-_Qurʾan_f._278v-279r.jpg
File:Fa33aalah EN.svg
Fa33aalah EN.svg
File:Menulis khat.jpg
Menulis khat.jpg
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