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Antares

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Antares is a massive and brilliant star located in the constellation Scorpius. It is the brightest star in that constellation and is often called "the heart of the scorpion" due to its position.

Antares overlooking an Auxiliary Telescope
Antares overlooking an Auxiliary Telescope

Astronomers use the Bayer designation Alpha Scorpii to identify it. Antares is the fifteenth-brightest star in the entire night sky. It is a member of the Scorpius–Centaurus association, which is the closest OB association to our Sun. This star is a red supergiant, meaning it is a very large and highly evolved star.

VLTI reconstructed view of the surface of Antares
VLTI reconstructed view of the surface of Antares

Because of its size and brightness, it is one of the largest stars visible without a telescope.

As a red supergiant, Antares has a very complex physical structure. It is classified as spectral type M1.5Iab-Ib. This means it is a cool, massive star that has reached a late stage in its life. The star is actually a binary star system consisting of two separate stars. The primary star, Alpha Scorpii A, is the famous red supergiant. The secondary star, Alpha Scorpii B, is a much smaller and hotter main sequence star.

These two stars are separated by a projected distance of about 529 astronomical units. This distance is roughly 80 billion kilometers. The secondary star is located more than 33 billion kilometers beyond the primary star.

Antares is also known as a slow irregular variable star. This means its brightness changes over time in a way that does not follow a strict pattern. Its apparent visual magnitude fluctuates between +0.6 and +1.6.

Antares light curve
Antares light curve

These changes happen because the star's atmosphere undergoes constant pulsations. The star actually changes its physical size, with its radius varying by about 19 percent. These pulsations also cause the star's temperature to change by about 150 K. This temperature shift lags about 70 days behind the changes in the star's radial velocity. Scientists have suggested that the star may have primary periods longer than 1,000 days.

History shows that humans have observed Antares for many centuries. Its name comes from the Ancient Greek words meaning "rival to Ares." This name was chosen because its reddish color looks very much like the planet Mars. While some thought this name came from Mesopotamian astronomy, that is now considered an outdated idea. In 1819, Johann Tobias Bürg reported seeing a companion star during an occultation. This was later confirmed by James William Grant in 1844 while he was in India. Other astronomers, including Ormsby M. Mitchel and William Rutter Dawes, also studied the star in the 1840s.

In 2016, the International Astronomical Union officially standardized the name Antares for the primary star.

The scale of Antares is truly immense when compared to our own Solar System. Its mass is estimated to be between 13 and 16 times the mass of the Sun. If you placed Antares at the center of our Solar System, its surface would extend out to the asteroid belt. Its brightness is about 10,000 times that of the Sun at visible wavelengths. However, because it radiates so much energy in the infrared spectrum, its true bolometric luminosity is about 100,000 times that of the Sun.

Infrared Rho Ophiuchi Complex
Infrared Rho Ophiuchi Complex

This massive energy output allows it to illuminate the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex located in its foreground.

Observing Antares depends heavily on where you are on Earth. The star is most visible all night around May 31, when it is at opposition to the Sun. In the southern hemisphere, Antares is much easier to see than in the north. For people in Antarctica, the star is circumpolar, meaning it never sets below the horizon. In higher northern latitudes, the star may only be visible low in the south during the summer. If you are higher than 64 degrees north latitude, the star does not rise at all. It is one of four first-magnitude stars located within 6 degrees of the ecliptic.

Antares connects to many different areas of astronomical study. It serves as a spectral standard for its specific classification of red supergiants. Because the star's outer regions are thin and translucent, measuring its exact diameter is very difficult. Astronomers use techniques like interferometry and lunar occultations to find its size. A lunar occultation occurs when the Moon passes in front of the star. These events can help scientists measure the star's diameter more accurately. Studying Antares helps scientists understand how massive stars evolve and how they might eventually explode as supernovae.

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🖼️ Images & Media (6)
File:Infrared Rho Ophiuchi Complex.jpg
Infrared Rho Ophiuchi Complex.jpg
File:Antares light curve.png
Antares light curve.png
File:Antares near the Sun every year around 2 December.jpg
Antares near the Sun every year around 2...
Antares-R.webm
File:VLTI reconstructed view of the surface of Antares.jpg
VLTI reconstructed view of the surface of...
File:Antares overlooking an Auxiliary Telescope.jpg
Antares overlooking an Auxiliary Telescope.jpg
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