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Amphictyonic league

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An amphictyony was an ancient religious association of tribes in Greece. The name literally means a "league of neighbors." These groups formed to protect sacred sites and manage religious festivals.

Amphictyonic law Louvre Ma133
Amphictyonic law Louvre Ma133

Before the Greek city-state, or polis, became common, these leagues helped neighbors work together. They provided a way for different groups to share religious duties. They also acted as a way to settle disputes between tribes. This made them very important to the social structure of Archaic Greece.

These leagues operated through a formal council of representatives. In the Delphic Amphictyony, these members were called hieromnemones. They met at specific times during the year. Some representatives met in the spring at Thermopylae. Others met in the autumn at the sanctuary of Delphi.

Illustrerad Verldshistoria band I Ill 111
Illustrerad Verldshistoria band I Ill 111

The council held significant religious and political authority. They could pronounce punishments for those who broke sacred laws. These punishments included issuing fines or expelling members from the league. They could even declare sacred wars to protect a temple.

There were several different types of amphictyonic leagues. The oldest was the Anthelian League. It centered on the cult of the goddess Demeter at Anthela. Its twelve delegates were called Pylagorai, which means "gate-assemblers." This name likely referred to the local Gates of Hades. Another important group was the Delphic Amphictyony. This league supported the temples of Apollo and Demeter.

There was also a league on the island of Kalaureia. This island was sacred to Poseidon. It was even named Eirene, which means "Peace."

History shows that these leagues evolved through conflict and change. The Anthelian League eventually became the Delphic Amphictyony. This happened after the First Sacred War. This war resulted in the defeat of the old priesthood. It allowed for new control over the oracle at Delphi.

Illustrerad Verldshistoria band I Ill 111
Illustrerad Verldshistoria band I Ill 111

Mythology also links these groups to the history of the Greeks. Legend says a man named Amphictyon founded the Great Amphictyonic League. He was the brother of Hellen. The name "Hellenes" is related to this family. This myth helped connect the various tribes under a shared identity.

Many specific tribes and cities made up the Delphic League. Aeschines listed many members, such as the Boeotians and the Phocians. Other members included the Locrians, the Magnesians, and the Thessalians. The league had strict rules to maintain order during conflicts. Members pledged an oath to follow specific doctrines. For example, no member could be entirely wiped out during a war. Additionally, no member's water supply could be cut off during wartime. These rules were meant to protect the stability of the region.

The league's power grew and changed through many centuries. In the 6th century BCE, larger city-states began using the league for political pressure. The First Sacred War lasted from 596 to 585 BCE. It was fought against the people of Krissa. This war ended with the destruction of Krissa. Later, the Second Sacred War occurred in 449 or 448 BCE. This conflict involved Sparta seizing Delphi from the Phocians.

Illustrerad Verldshistoria band I Ill 111
Illustrerad Verldshistoria band I Ill 111

By the 3rd century BCE, the league had 17 members. However, most members only had one vote, while the most dominant had two.

Eventually, the influence of the amphictyony began to decline. The Roman Empire eventually took over the care of the temples. The emperor Augustus changed the membership of the league. He added the Aenianes, Malians, Magnetians, and Pythians to the Thessalians. In the 2nd century CE, the league was replaced. The Roman emperor Hadrian established a new group called the Panhellenion. This new organization was based in Athens. While the specific league ended, its legacy of religious cooperation remained part of Greek history.

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