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Amateur radio

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Amateur radio, frequently called ham radio, is a specialized use of the radio spectrum. It is dedicated to non-commercial communication, technical experimentation, and recreation. People also use it for self-training, radiosport, and emergency communications.

Amateurfunkstation
Amateurfunkstation

Unlike professional services like maritime or aviation radio, amateur radio has no pecuniary interest. This means participants do not use it for monetary reward. It serves as a way for hobbyists to explore science and connect globally.

To participate, an individual must follow strict technical and operational rules. These rules are established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) through Radio Regulations. National governments manage these rules and issue individual station licenses. Each license includes a unique call sign that must be used during transmissions. Operators must use their call sign at least every ten minutes and at the end of a contact.

ICOM IC-P7 dscn2510a
ICOM IC-P7 dscn2510a

To earn a license, candidates must pass an examination. These tests cover radio theory, electronics, national regulations, and safety protocols.

Licensed operators are authorized to transmit on specific frequency ranges called amateur radio bands. Within these bands, they can choose various modes of communication. Some bands are restricted to specific types of signals. For example, an operator might use voice, text, or data.

Montreal-tower-top.thumb2-crop
Montreal-tower-top.thumb2-crop

This flexibility allows for local, national, and worldwide communication. Some operators even reach stations in space. Modern technology also allows computers to connect through virtual private networks on the Internet.

Radio technology offers many different ways to send information. Voice modes include frequency modulation (FM), single sideband (SSB), and amplitude modulation (AM). FM provides high audio quality, while SSB is efficient for long distances. Radiotelegraphy, or continuous wave (CW), uses International Morse code. CW is a very old mode that remains useful today. It works well under weak-signal conditions and is simple to build.

mw0rkbshack
mw0rkbshack

Digital modes have also grown with the help of personal computers. These include radioteletype (RTTY), packet radio, and newer protocols like FT8. Some operators even use fast-scan amateur television (ATV) to transmit images.

There is a rich history behind this community. Amateur radio experimentation began in the late 19th century. By 1909, a wireless telegraph list recorded 89 amateur stations in North America. The term "ham" was originally a pejorative used by professional telegraphers. They used it to mock operators with poor Morse code skills. However, the community reclaimed the word as a label of pride.

Krótkofalowiec polski, SP1QE
Krótkofalowiec polski, SP1QE

This shift occurred by the mid-20th century.

Amateur radio enthusiasts have made significant scientific contributions. They are credited with discovering skywave propagation. Their research has even founded entire industries, such as quartz piezoelectric resonator experimentation between 1924 and 1934. Operators also act as citizen scientists by collecting propagation data. They support atmospheric science research and provide vital communication during natural disasters.

Ham radio antenna tower
Ham radio antenna tower

When commercial services fail, battery-powered amateur equipment can save lives.

Global participation in amateur radio is quite large. In 2011, the American Radio Relay League estimated 2 million active people worldwide. The community is divided into three regions by the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU). Region 2, the Americas, has about 830,000 stations. Region 3, South and East Asia and the Pacific, has about 750,000 stations. Region 1, covering Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and the CIS, has about 400,000 stations.

International amateur radio symbol
International amateur radio symbol

Even astronauts on the International Space Station use these systems to talk to Earth.

ISS-24 Doug Wheelock uses ham radio system 1
ISS-24 Doug Wheelock uses ham radio system 1
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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:Amateurfunkstation.jpg
Amateurfunkstation.jpg
File:Krótkofalowiec polski, SP1QE.jpg
Krótkofalowiec polski, SP1QE.jpg
File:mw0rkbshack.jpg
mw0rkbshack.jpg
File:Sp5hnk oh0.jpg
Sp5hnk oh0.jpg
File:Ham radio antenna tower.jpg
Ham radio antenna tower.jpg
File:ISS-24 Doug Wheelock uses ham radio system 1.jpg
ISS-24 Doug Wheelock uses ham radio system 1.jpg
File:Montreal-tower-top.thumb2-crop.jpg
Montreal-tower-top.thumb2-crop.jpg
File:ICOM IC-P7 dscn2510a.jpg
ICOM IC-P7 dscn2510a.jpg
File:Amateur Radio International Agreements.png
Amateur Radio International Agreements.png
File:International amateur radio symbol.svg
International amateur radio symbol.svg
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