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Albrecht von Roon

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Albrecht von Roon was a prominent Prussian soldier and statesman. He served as the Minister of War from 1859 to 1873. Roon was a central figure in the Prussian government during the 1860s. He worked alongside Otto von Bismarck and Helmuth von Moltke. This trio helped lead Prussia through several successful wars. These conflicts included wars against Denmark, Austria, and France. These victories eventually led to German unification under Prussian leadership.

BismarckRoonMoltke
BismarckRoonMoltke

Roon was a moderate conservative who supported an executive monarchy. He was an avid modernizer who focused on military efficiency. His early life was shaped by the Napoleonic Wars. His father, a Prussian officer, died in poverty during the French occupation. Roon was raised by his maternal grandmother after this loss. He began his military education at the corps of cadets in Kulm in 1816. He later attended the military school in Berlin. In 1821, he received a commission in the 14th regiment. He also studied at the General War School in Berlin to improve his education.

Before his high leadership roles, Roon was a respected scholar of geography. Geography is the study of the physical features of the Earth. Roon studied under the famous geographer Carl Ritter. In 1832, he published a major work titled Principles of Physical, National and Political Geography. This work was published in three separate volumes. It was very successful and sold over 40,000 copies in a few years. He followed this with several other books. These included works on the Iberian Peninsula and European military geography.

Roon-Denkmal - Großer Tiergarten, Berlin, Germany - DSC09542
Roon-Denkmal - Großer Tiergarten, Berlin, Germany - DSC09542

As Roon moved through his military career, he noticed serious problems. While serving in various regiments, he saw that the Prussian Army was inefficient. He became aware of these organizational flaws in the 1830s. In 1835, he joined the Prussian General Staff. He also served as an instructor at the military academy in Berlin. In 1842, he was promoted to major after a long illness. This illness was caused by overwork. He spent much of his time creating schemes to reform the army. He even served as a tutor to Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia.

In 1859, Roon became the Minister of War. He wanted to modernize the entire military system. He proposed increasing universal military service to three years. He also wanted to expand the army to 200,000 men. Roon wanted to reduce the role of the Landwehr. The Landwehr was a group of reserve soldiers. Roon believed the Landwehr was militarily ineffective and politically problematic. His plans faced very strong opposition from the Prussian Landtag. This was the parliament, which was led by the liberal German Progress Party. They wanted more control over the military budget.

It took years of political struggle to pass these reforms. Roon had the support of King William I and Otto von Bismarck. These reforms were unpopular with many Prussian citizens. For a time, Roon was one of the most hated men in the country. However, his system proved to be very successful in battle. After the Second Schleswig War in 1864, his reputation changed. He went from being disliked to being a national hero. During the Austro-Prussian War, he was promoted to General der Infanterie. He was present at the decisive victory at Königgrätz.

German Headquarters in Versailles. 1870
German Headquarters in Versailles. 1870

Roon's influence grew even further during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. He attended to King Wilhelm I during this conflict. This war resulted in a great victory for Prussia. In January 1871, Roon was created a Graf, which means a Count. In 1873, he succeeded Bismarck as the Minister President of Prussia. He was also promoted to the rank of field marshal. However, poor health forced him to resign from his positions later that year. Roon died in Berlin on February 23, 1879. His legacy lives on through memorials and a statue in Berlin.

Roon-Denkmal - Großer Tiergarten, Berlin, Germany - DSC09542
Roon-Denkmal - Großer Tiergarten, Berlin, Germany - DSC09542
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