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Ahura Mazda

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Ahura Mazda is the principal deity and sky god in the Zoroastrian religion.

Darius I the Great's inscription
Darius I the Great's inscription

The name is a combination of two Avestan words. Ahura means "lord," and Mazda means "wisdom." Because of this, the name can be understood as "Wise Lord." In different historical periods, he has been known by other names. The Middle Persian term was Ormazd, and the Greek writers sometimes referred to him as Oromazes. He is the first spirit invoked in the Yasna, which is a sacred collection of texts. For many, he represents the ultimate source of goodness and truth in the universe.

Zoroastrian tradition describes a specific way that humans first learned about this deity. According to the tradition, the prophet Zoroaster received a divine revelation when he was 30 years old. While he was fetching water at dawn for a sacred ritual, he saw a shining figure. This figure was an Amesha Spenta named Vohu Manah. Vohu Manah led Zoroaster to the presence of Ahura Mazda. During this encounter, Zoroaster was taught the fundamental principles of what became known as the "Good Religion." This vision led Zoroaster to preach that Ahura Mazda is the worthy object of the highest worship.

Ahura Mazda is often described through his relationship with other spiritual beings. Zoroaster stated that Ahura Mazda created spirits called yazatas to assist him. These spirits serve to help the deity in a cosmic struggle. This struggle is fought against Angra Mainyu, the destructive spirit. Angra Mainyu is considered the source of all sin, misery, and evil in the universe. While Angra Mainyu creates "bad" deities called daevas to lead humans away from the path of truth, he is not equal to Ahura Mazda. Ahura Mazda is the superior force, and he uses the help of humans to eventually defeat evil.

Different belief systems have proposed different origins for Ahura Mazda. In some Zurvanist narratives, a figure named Zurvan is the father of both Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu. These stories suggest that Ahura Mazda married his daughter, Spenta Armaiti, to produce various beings. In other non-Zurvanist traditions, the family connections are described differently. For example, some traditions say Spenta Armaiti gave birth to Keyumars, Mashya, and Mashyana. These varying accounts show how different groups within the same faith held different views on the divine family tree.

History provides many records of how Ahura Mazda was honored by ancient empires. During the Achaemenid period, kings such as Darius the Great included references to him in royal inscriptions.

CILICIA, Soloi. Tiribazos, Satrap of Lydia. Second reign, 388-380 BC
CILICIA, Soloi. Tiribazos, Satrap of Lydia. Second reign, 388-380 BC

One famous example is the Behistun Inscription. Interestingly, early Achaemenid kings did not use statues to represent him. Instead, they used an empty chariot drawn by white horses. They used this chariot to symbolically invite Ahura Mazda to accompany the Persian army into battle. It was not until the reign of Artaxerxes II that Ahura Mazda was formally grouped into a triad with the deities Mithra and Anahita.

The way people visualized Ahura Mazda changed significantly over time. In the late 5th century BC, images of the deity began to appear in the western parts of the Achaemenid Empire.

Huvihska with Ahuramazda
Huvihska with Ahuramazda

However, during the Sassanid period, a movement known as iconoclasm began. Iconoclasm is the practice of destroying or removing religious images. Because of this movement, stone-carved figures of Ahura Mazda were eventually removed from worship. Despite this, he was still symbolized in Sassanian art. He was often depicted as a dignified male figure, sometimes standing or riding a horse, to show his authority.

Naqshe Rostam Darafsh Ordibehesht 93 (35)
Naqshe Rostam Darafsh Ordibehesht 93 (35)

Ancient Greek writers also recorded their understanding of these Persian beliefs. The historian Plutarch described a cosmic battle between Oromazes and Arimanius. He wrote that Oromazes was born from pure light, while Arimanius was born from darkness. According to Plutarch, Oromazes created six gods to represent qualities like Truth and Wisdom. He also created twenty-four other gods and placed them in an egg. He described a time when the evil forces pierced the egg, which explains why evil exists alongside good. Plutarch's accounts help historians see how these ancient ideas were perceived by people outside of the Persian world.

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🖼️ Images & Media (7)
File:Naqshe Rostam Darafsh Ordibehesht 93 (35).JPG
Naqshe Rostam Darafsh Ordibehesht 93 (35).JPG
File:Darius I the Great's inscription.jpg
Darius I the Great's inscription.jpg
File:CILICIA, Soloi. Tiribazos, Satrap of Lydia. Second reign, 388-380 BC.jpg
CILICIA, Soloi. Tiribazos, Satrap of...
File:Irnp105-Grobowce Naqsh-E Rustam.jpg
Irnp105-Grobowce Naqsh-E Rustam.jpg
File:Taghe bostan.JPG
Taghe bostan.JPG
File:Huvihska with Ahuramazda.jpg
Huvihska with Ahuramazda.jpg
File:Hormizd I Kushanshah Merv mint.jpg
Hormizd I Kushanshah Merv mint.jpg
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