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Abu Tammam

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Abu Tammam was a highly influential Arab Muslim poet during the 9th century.

He is most celebrated for compiling the Hamasah, which is one of the greatest anthologies of Arabic literature ever assembled. The term Hamasah translates to "exhortation." This massive collection serves as a treasury of early Arabic poetry. It is admired for the exceptional beauty found within its verses. Abu Tammam's work helped define the literary standards of the Abbasid Caliphate era.

The creation of the Hamasah was a monumental task of organization and selection. Abu Tammam began gathering these works while he was snowbound in Hamadan. During this time, he utilized an excellent library belonging to Abu al-Wafa ibn Salama. The resulting anthology is organized into ten distinct books. Each book is classified by a specific subject. Within these ten books, Abu Tammam included a total of 884 poems. Some of these entries are selected portions from much longer original poems.

Abu Tammam's personal history involves significant transitions in identity and location. He was born in the small town of Jasim, located near Damascus in modern-day Syria. His father, Thadhus, was a Christian who sold wine in Damascus. It is believed that Abu Tammam converted to Islam later in life. To establish a new lineage, he changed his name to Aus. He also forged a genealogy to link himself to the Arab tribe of Tayy.

His career required extensive travel across the vast Abbasid Caliphate. He first appeared as a poet in Egypt, where he worked selling water at a mosque in Cairo. After failing to earn a living in Egypt, he moved to Damascus and then to Mosul. He sought patronage from the caliph al-Ma'mun but did not impress him. Eventually, he gained support from officials like the governor Khalid ibn Yazid al-Shaybani. This governor reportedly provided 10,000 dirhams on each occasion to finance Abu Tammam's travels.

Following the death of al-Ma'mun, Abu Tammam achieved great fame. He sought an audience with the new caliph, al-Mu'tasim, who took him under his wing. After 833, he lived primarily in Baghdad at the caliph's court. He also traveled to Khorasan, where he enjoyed the favor of Abdullah ibn Tahir. In approximately 845, he met the poet al-Buhturi in Ma'arrat al-Nu'man. Abu Tammam died in the city of Mosul later that same year.

In the study of Arabic literature, Abu Tammam is defined by his unique stylistic approach. He is considered the representative of the artificial, or masnû', poetry style. This style marked a break from the prevailing oral-based concepts of Arab poetry. His verses often described historical events and specific people. His writing was noted for the purity of its style and the merit of its verse. Some scholars have even linked his work to the Mutazilite philosophy of the Abbasid period.

Literary historians often compare Abu Tammam to his student, the poet al-Buhturi. While Abu Tammam represents the artificial style, al-Buhturi represents the natural, or matbû‘, genre. Although Abu Tammam's own poems were sometimes overshadowed by his successful compilations, they were very famous during his lifetime. He viewed the act of poetry as a way to create a world through language. He even compared the relationship between a poet and a word to the intense bond between two lovers.

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