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A. P. Elkin

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Adolphus Peter Elkin was a significant figure in twentieth-century Australian history. He was both an Anglican clergyman and a professional anthropologist. Anthropology is the scientific study of human societies and their cultures. Elkin used his dual roles to influence how the Australian government interacted with Indigenous Australians. He was a major proponent of assimilation. This was the idea that Indigenous people should be integrated into European-style society. His work shaped many policies and academic studies for decades.

Elkin's early life was shaped by many changes. He was born in West Maitland, New South Wales, on March 27, 1891. His father, Reuben Elkin, was an English Jew who worked as a salesman. His mother, Ellen Wilhelmina Bower, was a seamstress of German ancestry. After his parents divorced in 1901, his mother died the following year. His maternal grandparents raised him in the Anglican faith. He attended school in Singleton and at Maitland East Boys' High School. He worked in banks before winning a theological scholarship to the University of Sydney.

His professional career began in the church and moved toward science. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1915. He was ordained as a deacon in 1915 and a priest in 1916. He worked in the Anglican diocese of Newcastle and taught at St John's Theological College. While teaching, he developed a deep interest in Aboriginal culture. At that time, no formal anthropology was taught in Australia. He completed a master's thesis on this subject in 1922. He later traveled to London to earn a PhD from University College in 1927.

Elkin became a leader in the field of anthropology through research and funding. The anthropologist Alfred Radcliffe-Brown helped him secure Rockefeller funding. This money allowed him to study Australian culture in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. In 1930, he visited various missions, such as the Mount Margaret Mission. He was also the editor of the journal *Oceania* from 1931 until his death. This journal was a key publication for researchers in the field. His research helped establish anthropology as a serious academic discipline in Australia.

As a professor, Elkin held immense power over Australian social policy. He was appointed lecturer-in-charge of the anthropology department at the University of Sydney in 1932. He became a professor in December 1933. He remained a dominant figure in the field until his retirement in 1956. He served as president of the Association for the Protection of Native Races from 1933 to 1962. He also held a vice-presidency on the Aborigines Protection Board. This board was renamed the Aborigines Welfare Board in 1940.

Elkin used his influence to advocate for specific legal and social changes. In 1934, he successfully lobbied to save the life of a Yolngu man named Dhakiyarr Wirrpanda. Dhakiyarr had been sentenced to death for murder, but Elkin helped secure a reprieve. In 1938, he helped draft the "New Deal for Aborigines." This was a major policy statement announced by Interior Minister John McEwen. Elkin served as an influential advisor to the government during this time. He also trained administrators who were sent to work in Papua New Guinea.

His many contributions earned him several high honors throughout his life. In 1957, the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science gave him the Mueller Medal. In 1966, he was named a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George. The University of Sydney also gave him an honorary doctorate of letters in 1970. Elkin died in 1979 during a meeting at the university. He was survived by his wife, Sara Thompson, and their two sons. His life remains a complex study of science, religion, and social reform.

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