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Zebra

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Zebras are distinctive African equines known for their bold black-and-white striped coats.

Zebra species (ENG)
Zebra species (ENG)

They belong to the genus Equus, which also includes horses and asses. These three groups are the only living members of the family Equidae. Zebras are highly recognizable mammals that have appeared in art and stories worldwide. While they are closely related to other equines, they have never been completely domesticated. Today, zebras live in various habitats across eastern and southern Africa. These include savannahs, grasslands, woodlands, shrublands, and mountainous areas.

There are three distinct living species of zebra, each with unique physical traits and social structures.

Zebra species (ENG)
Zebra species (ENG)

The first is the Grévy's zebra (Equus grevyi). It has a thin, elongated skull, a robust neck, and conical ears. Its striping pattern is narrow, featuring concentric rump stripes and a white belly. The second species is the plains zebra (Equus quagga). This species is thick-bodied with relatively short legs and an obtusely shaped skull. Its stripes are broad and horizontal on the rump. The third species is the mountain zebra (Equus zebra). It has circular eye sockets positioned farther back on the head and a dewlap under its neck. Its stripes are intermediate in width compared to the other two species.

Grevy's Zebra Stallion
Grevy's Zebra Stallion

The mechanism behind a zebra's stripes is a fascinating biological process. While the coat appears white with black stripes, the zebra's skin is actually black. These patterns are unique to every individual and are heritable. During embryonic development, the stripes begin to appear at eight months. However, the specific patterns may be determined much earlier, between three to five weeks. The timing of this development explains why the species look different. For the plains zebra, stripes are perpendicular to the dorsal line at three weeks. For the mountain zebra, this happens at four weeks. For the Grévy's zebra, it occurs at five weeks.

Journal.pone.0210831.g001
Journal.pone.0210831.g001

Biologists have studied the function of these stripes for many years. One early theory was the crypsis hypothesis, which suggested stripes provided camouflage. Proponents argued stripes helped zebras blend into tall grass or provided concealment at night. However, modern research has challenged this idea. A 2014 study found no correlation between striping patterns and woodland habitats. Additionally, a 2016 study showed that predators like lions and hyenas do not perceive the stripes from a distance during the day. Most current evidence suggests the stripes act as a deterrent for biting flies.

Cebras comunes (Equus quagga), parque nacional de Tarangire, Tanzania, 2024-05-25, DD 90
Cebras comunes (Equus quagga), parque nacional de Tarangire, Tanzania, 2024-05-25, DD 90

Social behavior also varies significantly between the species. Plains and mountain zebras live in stable harems. A harem consists of one adult male stallion, several adult females called mares, and their young foals. In these groups, social grooming helps to strengthen social bonds. In contrast, the Grévy's zebra lives a more solitary life. They live alone or in loosely associated herds. Male Grévy's zebras establish territories to attract females, a system known as polygynandrous mating.

Equus mauritanicus
Equus mauritanicus

The evolutionary history of zebras is traced through complex genetic and fossil records. The genus Equus likely originated in North America. Molecular evidence suggests the most recent common ancestor of equines lived between 4.0 and 4.5 million years ago. Horses split from asses and zebras around this time. Zebras and asses eventually diverged from each other close to 2 million years ago. The mountain zebra diverged from other species approximately 1.6 million years ago. The plains and Grévy's zebra split even later, around 1.4 million years ago.

Equus grevyi 01
Equus grevyi 01
Samburu Grevy's zebra
Samburu Grevy's zebra

Understanding zebra conservation is vital because different species face different risks. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies their status differently. The Grévy's zebra is listed as endangered. The mountain zebra is considered vulnerable. The plains zebra is listed as near-threatened. We also remember the extinct quagga, a type of plains zebra that vanished in the 19th century. Today, many zebras survive within numerous protected areas across the African continent.

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🖼️ Images & Media (29)
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The book of the animal kingdom (Plate...
File:NIE 1905 Horse - Burchell's zebra.jpg
NIE 1905 Horse - Burchell's zebra.jpg
File:Equus grevyi (white background).png
Equus grevyi (white background).png
File:Equus hemionus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg
Equus hemionus - 1700-1880 - Print -...
File:Hémippe (white background).jpg
Hémippe (white background).jpg
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Âne d'Ethiopie (white background).jpg
File:NIEdot332 white background 2.jpg
NIEdot332 white background 2.jpg
File:The Soviet Union 1959 CPA 2325 stamp (Przewalski's Horse) white background.jpg
The Soviet Union 1959 CPA 2325 stamp...
File:Grevy's Zebra Stallion.jpg
Grevy's Zebra Stallion.jpg
File:Equus quagga burchellii - Etosha, 2014.jpg
Equus quagga burchellii - Etosha, 2014.jpg
File:Equus zebra hartmannae - Etosha 2015.jpg
Equus zebra hartmannae - Etosha 2015.jpg
File:Equus mauritanicus.JPG
Equus mauritanicus.JPG

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