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White spirit

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White spirit is a clear, petroleum-derived liquid used as a versatile organic solvent. In the United Kingdom, Australia, and Ireland, it is commonly called white spirit. In the United States and Canada, it is often referred to as mineral spirits. It is also known as mineral turpentine or petroleum spirits in some regions. As a solvent, it has the ability to dissolve various substances like oils, greases, and resins. This makes it an essential tool in many industries, from professional painting to automotive repair.

White spirit
White spirit

The chemical makeup of white spirit is a mixture of hydrocarbons. These are specific molecules called aliphatic, open-chain, or alicyclic C7 to C12 hydrocarbons. Because of this structure, white spirit is insoluble in water, meaning it will not mix with it. Instead, it acts as an extraction solvent and a degreasing agent. It is used to thin oil-based paints, clean brushes, and dissolve adhesives from non-porous surfaces. It even works in specialized tasks, such as regripping golf clubs. To do this, the liquid is poured into a new grip and shaken. After the liquid dries for one hour, the grip is ready for use.

There are several distinct types and grades of white spirit based on how it is processed. The type is determined by the specific treatment the liquid undergoes. Type 1 involves hydrodesulfurization, which is a process used to remove sulfur. Type 2 uses solvent extraction, and Type 3 uses hydrogenation. There is also a Type 0, which is a distillation fraction that receives no further treatment. These types consist mainly of saturated C9 to C12 hydrocarbons. Beyond types, there are three grades: low flash, regular, and high flash. The grade is determined by the crude oil used as the starting material and the distillation conditions. The term "flash" refers to the flash point, which is the temperature at which the liquid can ignite.

The history of specialized white spirits includes the development of Stoddard solvent. In 1924, W. J. Stoddard and Lloyd E. Jackson worked at the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. They wanted to create a petroleum-based dry cleaning solvent that was less flammable than those in use at the time. Their creation, Stoddard solvent, was adopted by dry cleaners in 1928. It became the dominant dry cleaning solvent in the United States until the late 1950s. Today, Stoddard solvent is a specific term used in North America for white spirit Type 1. It typically contains over 65% C10 or higher hydrocarbons.

White spirit plays a massive role in the global economy, particularly in the coatings industry. In Western Europe, approximately 60% of all white spirit consumption is used for paints, lacquers, and varnishes. It is the most widely used solvent in the paint industry. In the household, it serves many purposes, such as cleaning auto parts or acting as a starting fluid for charcoal grills. It is also used in screen printing to unclog screens after using textile inks. Some versions are even used inside liquid-filled compasses and gauges to ensure smooth movement.

While useful, white spirit must be handled with care due to its chemical properties. It is classified primarily as an irritant. Breathing in high concentrations of its vapor in enclosed spaces can cause narcotic effects like dizziness, nausea, or drowsiness. It can also lead to central nervous system depression, causing slowed reactions and lack of coordination. Prolonged skin contact can cause a condition called contact dermatitis, which is a severe skin irritation. In extreme cases, long-term exposure for painters has been linked to chronic toxic encephalopathy, or CTE. This condition can lead to changes in personality or disability. Because of these risks, many artists use odorless mineral spirits (OMS). These are refined to remove the most toxic aromatic compounds.

Understanding white spirit also helps clarify common naming confusion. The word "mineral" is used to distinguish it from distilled spirits, which are alcoholic beverages. It is also different from true turpentine, which is a distilled tree resin made mostly of pinene. Even though it is called a "spirit," it is not edible and consuming it is very dangerous to human health. It is also distinct from Coleman fuel, which is a more volatile gasoline-like fuel used in camp stoves. While white spirit is a powerful tool for cleaning and painting, its chemical nature requires strict safety standards and proper ventilation.

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