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Video game genre

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A video game genre is an informal way to classify games based on gameplay mechanics. This classification focuses on how a person actually plays the game. It is distinct from the setting or the story of a game. For example, a shooter game remains a shooter regardless of its time or place. This differs from books or films, where the genre often relies on narrative elements. Because players participate directly in games, the genre must reflect that interactivity.

Genre names often describe the goals, the protagonist, or the perspective of the player. A first-person shooter is a specific subgenre of the broader shooter category. It uses a first-person perspective to show the player's actions. Other descriptive prefixes include "top-down," "side-scrolling," "real-time," or "turn-based." These terms explain the visual or mechanical nature of the experience. Some games even combine multiple genres in complex ways. The game Grand Theft Auto III combined shooting, driving, and roleplaying. This made it difficult to classify using standard existing terms.

Classification can vary in its level of specificity. Some reviews might use a broad term like "action." Other reviews might use a very specific term like "baseball." This creates a spectrum of categorization. Some games also incorporate elements from the role-playing genre. These elements include storytelling and character growth. Adding these to an action or strategy game provides an incentive beyond mere survival. This demonstrates how different gameplay mechanics can overlap and enrich one another.

History shows that attempts to categorize games have evolved alongside technology. In 1981, an Atari Video Computer System catalog used eight headings. These included Skill Gallery, Space Station, and Combat Zone. That same year, Tom Hirschfeld's book categorized games by types like maze or reflex. Early home computer publications also established categories based on best-selling software. Softalk used genres like strategy, adventure, and fantasy from 1980 to 1984. Meanwhile, Computer Gaming World expanded from three categories in 1981 to six by 1989.

Nintendo also played a major role in game classification. When launching the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1985, they required all games to be approved. This helped them maintain control after the video game crash of 1983. Nintendo classified NES games into eight major series. These included Adventure, Action, Sports, Light-Gun, Programmable, Arcade, Robot, and Educational. By the time of the Super NES, they had retired some series. They added new categories like RPG & Simulation and Puzzle to match changing tastes.

New technology continuously allows for the emergence of new genres. Improvements in memory and the transition from 2D to 3D graphics changed everything. New peripherals and online functionalities also created new ways to play. In the late 2000s and 2010s, indie developers sparked a revival of experimental gameplay. They used independent digital distribution to reach players directly. This was important because large publishers often focused on low-risk, "triple-A" titles. This shift allowed for the birth of many new, experimental genres.

It is important to distinguish true genres from other types of classification. Some people group games by the hardware used, such as mobile or browser games. Others group them by the mode of play, like multiplayer or massively multiplayer online (MMO) games. These are not considered true genres. They describe the platform or the number of players rather than the gameplay itself. Similarly, classifying by narrative style, such as science fiction, is generally not used for genres. The only major exception in narrative is the horror genre.

Market data shows how different genres have performed over time. For example, action games have remained a major force in sales. In the Softalk data from 1980 to 1984, action games accounted for 61% of the list. By 2018, the ESA data showed action games at 26.9% of sales. Puzzle games have seen a decline in physical sales recently. However, they remain the most popular genre on mobile platforms worldwide. These numbers show how player preferences and market strategies shift alongside technology.

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