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Vasily Bartold

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Vasily Vladimirovich Bartold was a prominent Russian orientalist. An orientalist is a scholar who studies the history and cultures of Eastern nations. Bartold specialized in the history of Islam and Turkology. Turkology is the specific study of Turkic peoples and their languages. His extensive work helped bridge the gap between Western and Eastern historical knowledge. He lived through major transitions in Russia. His career spanned the final years of the Russian Empire and the early years of the Soviet Union.

To conduct his research, Bartold relied on a rigorous scientific method. He spent much of his time exploring manuscript collections. Manuscripts are very old documents written by hand. He traveled to many libraries in England, Germany, France, and Turkey. He also visited many locations within the USSR, including Moscow and Tashkent. He used these trips to find obscure information in early Arab historical texts. By studying these primary sources, he could verify or correct historical accounts. He even taught students the proper ways to handle and catalog these archival materials.

Bartold's academic career progressed through several prestigious stages. In 1900, he earned the degree of Doctor of Oriental History. This followed his defense of a thesis regarding Turkestan during the Mongol invasion. He became an Extraordinary Professor at Saint Petersburg University in 1901. Later, in 1906, he reached the rank of Ordinary Professor. His expertise was recognized by the Academy of Sciences. He became a corresponding member in 1910. By 1913, he was elected as an Ordinary Academician.

Throughout his life, Bartold made several significant historical discoveries. In 1912, he published a work titled "The Caliph and the Sultan." In this work, he proved a specific historical idea was actually a legend. He showed that the transfer of spiritual power from the Abbasid Caliph to the Ottoman sultan was not a historical fact. Instead, he proved this story only appeared after the 18th century. He also provided new insights into the Mongol rule of Turkestan. He argued that the Muslim world gained many benefits from the Mongols after the initial conquests.

His influence extended into practical social and linguistic changes. During the early Soviet era, he served as the director of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. He was also involved in creating written languages for various peoples. Specifically, he worked on replacing the Arabic alphabet with the Cyrillic alphabet for Muslim countries in Soviet Central Asia. In Baku, he helped organize the Oriental Faculty at Baku State University. He also worked to preserve important historical sites. These included the mausoleums of Nizami Ganjavi, Ferdowsi, and Korkut.

Bartold's scholarly output was vast and highly authoritative. He wrote three major monographs on Islamic history. These were "Islam" (1918), "Muslim Culture" (1918), and "The Muslim World" (1922). He also contributed heavily to the first edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam. His work on the history of Baku was also included in that encyclopedia. In 1926, he was a key participant in the First All-Union Turkological Congress in Baku. This event brought together many scholars to discuss Turkic studies.

Even after his death in 1930, Bartold's work remained essential. His writings were translated into several languages, including English, Arabic, and Persian. Between 1963 and 1977, his collected works were reprinted in nine volumes. Although Soviet editors sometimes added notes criticizing his "bourgeois" views, they did not censor his actual text. This shows how much respect his scientific accuracy commanded. His research continues to be a foundation for anyone studying the history of Central Asia and the Islamic world.

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