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Vannozza dei Cattanei

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Giovanna "Vannozza" dei Cattanei was a prominent Italian woman during the Renaissance. She lived from 1442 to 1518. Vannozza is primarily remembered for her long relationship with Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia. He later became the Pope, known as Alexander VI. She was also the mother of four children who were publicly recognized by him. Her life involved complex social roles, including business management and navigating the politics of the Church.

Vannozza was a successful businesswoman in Rome. She managed several busy and famous inns in the city. One of her most well-known establishments was the Locanda del Gallo. This inn was located in the Borgo district near Campo de' Fiori. It was a popular place for high-ranking officials to visit. Beyond running inns, Vannozza also practiced moneylending by providing loans with interest. These activities helped her build significant personal wealth.

Her personal life was shaped by her connection to Rodrigo Borgia. They met sometime between 1465 and 1469. At that time, Rodrigo was a powerful cardinal. Because of his high position in the Church, Vannozza had to have legal husbands. Rodrigo arranged these marriages to suit his own needs. In 1474, she married Domenico Giannozzo, an official. Later, she married Giorgio della Croce, who served as an apostolic secretary to Pope Sixtus IV. These marriages provided the legal structure required by society at the time.

Vannozza and Rodrigo Borgia had four children together. Their first son, Cesare, was born in 1475. He became a famous military leader and a cardinal. Their second son, Giovanni, was born in 1476. He held the title of Duke of Gandia. Their daughter, Lucrezia, was born in 1480 in Subiaco. She became a very famous Duchess through her marriages. Their last child, Goffredo, was born in 1481. Although they were born during her marriages to other men, Rodrigo acknowledged them as his own.

In 1492, Rodrigo Borgia was elected Pope Alexander VI. This event changed the family dynamic significantly. Vannozza was often pushed to the margins of the papal court. She was even excluded from her daughter Lucrezia's wedding ceremonies. A new woman, Giulia Farnese, took over the role of the Pope's official companion. This shift meant Vannozza was less involved in the central political life of the Borgia family. Despite this, she and the Pope maintained a bond of mutual respect and affection.

The lives of Vannozza's children were often marked by tragedy. In 1497, her son Giovanni was mysteriously assassinated. His body was found in the Tiber River two days after he disappeared. This event caused immense pain for both Alexander and Vannozza. Her son Cesare died in 1507 during a siege in Viana. Her son Goffredo died in 1517 under unclear circumstances. Only Lucrezia survived Vannozza, though she died only a few months after her mother.

In her final years, Vannozza focused on religious life and charity. She joined a group called the Gonfalone confraternity. She chose to leave all her possessions to this organization. This showed her dedication to a life of atonement and helping others. She died on November 26, 1518, at the age of 76. Even though she requested a simple burial, she was buried with great ceremony. Her funeral was attended by the entire papal court by order of Pope Leo X.

Today, historians study Vannozza to understand the social structures of the Renaissance. Her ability to manage businesses and navigate high-level politics is notable. Her life shows how women could hold influence through wealth and connections. Her tombstone was once used as flooring for many years. It was eventually found in 1948 and moved to the Basilica of San Marco.

Vannozza Cattanei Grabplatte in San Marco
Vannozza Cattanei Grabplatte in San Marco

It remains there today as a historical record of her life.

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File:Vannozza Cattanei Grabplatte in San Marco.jpg
Vannozza Cattanei Grabplatte in San Marco.jpg
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