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Umbrella

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An umbrella is a handheld device designed to provide personal protection from environmental elements.

M0354 000727-005 1
M0354 000727-005 1

It consists of a canopy supported by a framework of ribs. These ribs are mounted on a central pole made of wood, metal, or plastic. While many people use them to stay dry from rain, they also serve as sunshades. The term umbrella comes from the Latin word "umbra," which means shadow or shade.

Parts of an Umbrella
Parts of an Umbrella

In some languages, specific words distinguish their purpose. A parasol is used for sunlight, while a parapluie is used for rain. A French term, "en-tout-cas," describes a device that works for both.

Modern umbrellas function through several mechanical designs.

Raingo, automatic umbrella rental in Taipei
Raingo, automatic umbrella rental in Taipei

One main category is the completely collapsible umbrella. In these models, the supporting metal pole can retract into itself. This allows the device to fold into a very small package for transport. Non-collapsible umbrellas differ because only the canopy can be folded. Users can choose between manual operation or spring-loaded automatic systems. An automatic umbrella opens instantly when a user presses a button. Handles often feature a bent "crook" shape, similar to a walking cane.

Advanced materials have also changed how these tools work. Some modern canopies feature a black exterior paired with a silver inner coating. This specific combination helps protect the user from both rain and ultraviolet rays. Larger versions, often called beach umbrellas, are used as fixed or semi-fixed devices. These are common near patio tables or on sunny beaches to shade multiple people. Umbrellas vary greatly in quality and cost. They range from inexpensive models at discount stores to expensive, designer-labeled versions.

History shows that umbrellas have been used for thousands of years.

Hatshepsut temple4 b
Hatshepsut temple4 b

In Ancient Egypt, umbrellas dated back to the Fifth Dynasty around 2450 BC. They often functioned as both sunshades and fans, known as a "flabellum." These were frequently depicted as fans made of palm leaves or feathers. In the Ancient Near East, the earliest known example appears in a victory stele from 2310 BC.

Relief of Xerxes at Doorway of his Palace, Persepolis, Iran
Relief of Xerxes at Doorway of his Palace, Persepolis, Iran

Persian carvings at Persepolis show attendants carrying umbrellas for monarchs. These ancient tools were often reserved exclusively for royalty to signify their high status.

In China, the invention is traditionally attributed to the wife of Lu Ban.

TERRACOTTA ARMY @ Gdynia 2006 - 01 ubt
TERRACOTTA ARMY @ Gdynia 2006 - 01 ubt

Ancient Chinese texts like the "Zhou Li" describe highly complex designs. One description mentions a dais composed of 28 arcs, which are similar to modern ribs. By the year 21 AD, the ruler Wang Mang used a collapsible umbrella for a ceremonial carriage. This design included bendable joints that allowed it to be extended or retracted. The oil-paper umbrella also originated in China and later spread across much of Asia.

Umbrellas have also served as powerful symbols of social rank and culture.

In the Ashanti Empire, leaders used large, multicolored umbrellas during festivals. These umbrellas were often spun in time with the music of drummers. In the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, a general carried a "pantli." This was a special umbrella made of feathers and gold that functioned like a flag. In many cultures, the umbrella was a way to highlight the importance of a leader.

Industrial history shows how the umbrella became a major global product.

Passer-payez-Boilly-ca1803
Passer-payez-Boilly-ca1803

In the United States, the Beehler Umbrella Factory was established in 1828. Francis Beehler was a German woodcarver who moved to Baltimore, Maryland. He created umbrellas using wooden poles and ribs made of whale bone. At its peak in 1920, Baltimore was the umbrella capital of the United States. The city hosted seven different companies that produced millions of umbrellas every year. This industry helped transition the device from a luxury item to a common tool.

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🖼️ Images & Media (25)
File:M0354 000727-005 1.jpg
M0354 000727-005 1.jpg
File:Zenkoji-Nagano.JPG
Zenkoji-Nagano.JPG
File:Parts of an Umbrella.svg
Parts of an Umbrella.svg
File:Hatshepsut temple4 b.jpg
Hatshepsut temple4 b.jpg
File:Relief of Xerxes at Doorway of his Palace, Persepolis, Iran.jpg
Relief of Xerxes at Doorway of his...
File:TERRACOTTA ARMY @ Gdynia 2006 - 01 ubt.jpeg
TERRACOTTA ARMY @ Gdynia 2006 - 01 ubt.jpeg
File:A handcoloured photo of a woman in Shanghai wearing a qipao and holding an octagon shape parasol, c.1930s.jpg
A handcoloured photo of a woman in...
File:Umbrella-C7068.jpg
Umbrella-C7068.jpg
File:Ajanta Paintings.jpg
Ajanta Paintings.jpg
File:Pittore di penelope, donna in processione, 440 ac ca, da chiusi.JPG
Pittore di penelope, donna in...
File:-0325 Etruskische Trinkschale aus Chiusi Altes Museum anagoria.JPG
-0325 Etruskische Trinkschale aus Chiusi...
File:Girolamo dai Libri - Madonna dell'ombrello (in trono con Bambino Gesù tra san Giuseppe - san Raffaele Arcangelo e Tobiolo-Tobia) - Verona - Museo di Castelvecchio 1530 - 1530 - Photo Paolo Villa 2006 - MiBAC disclaimer warning.jpg
Girolamo dai Libri - Madonna...

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