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Tzedakah

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Tzedakah is a Hebrew term that translates to "righteousness," "fairness," or "justice."

Tzedakah (charity) box, Charleston, 1820, silver, National Museum of American Jewish History
Tzedakah (charity) box, Charleston, 1820, silver, National Museum of American Jewish History

While it is often used to mean charity, it differs from the modern Western concept of philanthropy. In Western culture, charity is often viewed as a spontaneous act of goodwill or generosity. In contrast, tzedakah is understood as an ethical and religious obligation. It is a mandatory duty for living a spiritual life. This obligation applies to everyone, regardless of their financial standing. Even those with limited means are expected to participate in this mitzvah, or religious commandment.

The concept is rooted in the idea that wealth is a loan from God. Because of this, the poor have a legitimate claim on the possessions of the rich. One view is that the wealthy are enjoined to share God's bounties. This creates a system of justice rather than just a system of giving. The term appears 157 times in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible. While it usually refers to righteousness in general, Rabbinic Judaism in Talmudic times adapted it to mean charitable giving.

Jewish cemetery Otwock Karczew Anielin IMGP6721
Jewish cemetery Otwock Karczew Anielin IMGP6721

To understand how to practice this, one can look at the eight-level hierarchy created by the Medieval philosopher Maimonides. He organized these levels from most preferable to least preferable. The highest level is helping a person become self-sufficient. This is achieved through an interest-free loan, a partnership, a grant, or finding a job. The goal is to ensure the recipient no longer relies on others. The second highest level is giving anonymously to an unknown recipient through a trustworthy fund.

Hasdey-Naomi-charity-ZE001
Hasdey-Naomi-charity-ZE001

The third level is giving anonymously to a known recipient. The fourth level is giving publicly to an unknown recipient. The fifth level is giving before being asked. The sixth level is giving adequately after being asked. The seventh level is giving willingly but inadequately. The lowest level is giving "in sadness," or out of mere pity.

History shows the deep importance of these laws through various scholars. Maimonides dedicated sections of his work, *The Code of Maimonides*, to these discussions. Later, the 16th-century legal scholar Joseph Caro included them in the *Shulchan Arukh*. This text became the most widely accepted code of Jewish law ever written. Classical rabbinical literature also established specific rules for farmers. For example, they were required to leave gleanings in cereal fields, orchards, and vineyards. Farmers were forbidden from benefiting from these remains or using animals to frighten the poor away from them.

Specific traditions and numbers guide how tzedakah is performed today. Many observant Jews practice *ma'sar kesafim*, which is the tithing of 10% of one's income to support those in need.

Many households also keep a *pushke*, a small collection box, to make periodic contributions. In synagogues, a designated person may circulate the box to collect donations. Tzedakah is also tied to significant life events and holidays. At weddings, giving symbolizes the sacred nature of the marriage. During the holiday of Purim, it is obligatory to give food to at least one person and gifts to at least two poor people. This is intended to increase the total happiness of the community.

Modern examples demonstrate how these ancient principles function in the present day. Organizations like Paamonim in Israel operate based on Maimonides' first principle by focusing on self-sufficiency. Other groups, such as Hands on Tzedakah or the Mitzvah Heroes Fund, work with various nonprofits. In some communities, arrangements like TAT (Tomchei Torah) provide institutionalized support for yeshiva students. These funds help cover one-time expenses like weddings or ongoing support for students. These examples show that the principle of empowering others remains a central part of the practice.

The practice of tzedakah also connects to complex legal and theological ideas. According to the Halacha, or Jewish law, the money being given is never truly the donor's property. It is viewed as belonging to God, who entrusts the individual to distribute it wisely. This requires donors to check the credentials of organizations to ensure the money is used effectively. Even the act of giving is regulated; for instance, if a person is in the middle of prayer, they are not obligated to stop and give to someone asking for charity. This ensures that one mitzvah, like prayer, is not neglected for another, while still maintaining the overall commitment to justice and righteousness.

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🖼️ Images & Media (3)
File:Tzedakah (charity) box, Charleston, 1820, silver, National Museum of American Jewish History.JPG
Tzedakah (charity) box, Charleston, 1820,...
File:Jewish cemetery Otwock Karczew Anielin IMGP6721.jpg
Jewish cemetery Otwock Karczew Anielin...
File:Hasdey-Naomi-charity-ZE001.jpg
Hasdey-Naomi-charity-ZE001.jpg
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