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Tisha B'Av

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Tisha B'Av is an annual fast day in Rabbinic Judaism.

Woodcut tisha b'av
Woodcut tisha b'av

It is regarded as the saddest day in the Jewish calendar. Many people describe it as a day destined for tragedy. This day serves as a communal period of mourning and remembrance. It typically falls in July or August on the Gregorian calendar. The day is often referred to as the "Black Fast" due to its somber nature.

Tish'a B'av 1887
Tish'a B'av 1887

The observance involves several specific prohibitions to express grief. The most significant rule is a 25-hour fast. This fast begins at sunset on the evening before Tisha B'Av. It continues until nightfall on the following day. There are four other main prohibitions. Participants do not wash or bathe for pleasure. They do not apply creams or oils to their skin. They also refrain from wearing leather shoes. Finally, they do not engage in marital relations.

Tisha beav
Tisha beav

These rules are waived for those with health issues. A posek, or a rabbi who decides Jewish law, should be consulted in such cases.

Specific customs characterize the atmosphere in synagogues and homes. In a synagogue, the parochet, which is the curtain covering the Torah ark, is often removed. Some Sephardic and Portuguese traditions place a black curtain over the ark instead. People often sit on low stools or directly on the floor. This mimics the customs of shiva, the first week of mourning. Some even sleep on the floor or without a pillow. Lighting is often dimmed, and kinnot, which are liturgical dirges, are read by candlelight.

יהודים מתפללים בבית הכנסת בליל ט' באב (גלויה)
יהודים מתפללים בבית הכנסת בליל ט' באב (גלויה)

The history of Tisha B'Av is rooted in several ancient calamities. According to the Mishnah, five specific events occurred on the ninth of Av. One event involves the Twelve Spies sent by Moses to Canaan. Most spies gave a negative report, causing the Israelites to despair. This led to a divine punishment where that generation could not enter the Promised Land. Another major event was the destruction of Solomon's First Temple. Nebuchadnezzar II destroyed the temple in 587 BCE during the Siege of Jerusalem.

NinthAvStonesWesternWall
NinthAvStonesWesternWall

The Second Temple's destruction is another central historical pillar. The Romans destroyed this temple in 70 CE. This event began the great Jewish diaspora. Later, in 135 CE, the Romans crushed the Bar Kokhba revolt. This conflict resulted in the deaths of approximately 580,000 Jewish civilians. Following this, the Roman commander Quintus Tineius Rufus plowed the Temple site. These events established the ninth of Av as a day of profound loss.

Over the centuries, the day has evolved to include many other tragedies. It is now used to mourn various historical expulsions and massacres. For example, Jews were expelled from England in 1290 and France in 1306. The Alhambra Decree expelled Jews from Spanish-ruled territories in 1492. The day also holds significance regarding the Holocaust. Religious communities use Tisha B'Av to mourn the 6,000,000 victims of the Holocaust. Some communities have added special kinnot to reflect on these modern horrors.

Remembrance of the Destruction (Leopold Pilichowski 1925)
Remembrance of the Destruction (Leopold Pilichowski 1925)

Recent history has also influenced the liturgy of Tisha B'Av. Some Religious Zionist communities mourn the 2005 Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip on this day. While some rabbis view it as a tragedy, others argue it should not be part of the formal mourning. Additionally, kinnot regarding the October 7 attacks have been added to the liturgy. This shows how the day remains a living connection to Jewish history. It links ancient losses to contemporary events through shared mourning.

PikiWiki Israel 3434 9 av kotel
PikiWiki Israel 3434 9 av kotel

Tisha B'Av is part of a larger cycle of mourning. It follows a period known as The Three Weeks. The nine days immediately preceding the fast are called The Nine Days. There are also other fast days linked to the fall of Jerusalem. These include the Tenth of Tevet and the Seventeenth of Tammuz. By connecting these dates, the tradition maintains a continuous thread of historical memory. This system allows the community to process both ancient and recent suffering.

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🖼️ Images & Media (7)
File:NinthAvStonesWesternWall.JPG
NinthAvStonesWesternWall.JPG
File:Tisha beav.png
Tisha beav.png
File:Woodcut tisha b'av.png
Woodcut tisha b'av.png
File:PikiWiki Israel 3434 9 av kotel.JPG
PikiWiki Israel 3434 9 av kotel.JPG
File:Remembrance_of_the_Destruction_(Leopold_Pilichowski_1925).jpg
Remembrance_of_the_Destruction_(Leopold_Pi...
File:Tish'a B'av 1887.jpg
Tish'a B'av 1887.jpg
File:יהודים מתפללים בבית הכנסת בליל ט' באב (גלויה).jpg
יהודים מתפללים בבית הכנסת בליל ט' באב (גלויה).jpg
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