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Temple of Edfu

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The Temple of Edfu is a massive sandstone shrine located in Egypt. It sits on the west bank of the Nile River in the city of Edfu. This structure is one of the best preserved temples in the entire country. It served as a major religious center for the gods Horus and Hathor. The temple is important because its walls contain many detailed inscriptions. These carvings explain ancient myths, religious beliefs, and the history of the Hellenistic period.

Temple Edfou Egypte
Temple Edfou Egypte

The temple was built during the Ptolemaic Kingdom. This was a time of great prosperity and wealth in Egypt. Construction began on August 23, 237 BC, during the reign of Ptolemy III Euergetes. The massive project lasted for many decades. It was finally completed in 57 BC under the rule of Ptolemy XII Auletes. The temple was built on the site of an older, smaller temple. That earlier structure was oriented east to west, but the current temple faces north to south.

Temple Edfou Egypte
Temple Edfou Egypte

The architecture of the temple is quite complex and grand. It stands 36 meters high and 79 meters long. The width of the temple reaches 376 meters. The layout includes a pillared hall and two transverse halls. At the center is a barque sanctuary, which is a small room used to hold a sacred boat. This sanctuary is surrounded by nine different chapels. The temple is made primarily of sandstone, which allowed it to survive for so long.

Temple Edfou Egypte
Temple Edfou Egypte

Inside the temple, the walls tell a famous creation myth. This story describes how the world began when it was covered entirely by water. The myth says that land eventually rose to the surface. Reeds grew in this new land with the help of gods. The gods Thoth, who represents wisdom, and Seshat, who represents scripture, designed the first temple. They originally planned the temple to be made of reeds rather than stone. The gods even formed a living wall of 60 deities to protect the building.

Temple Edfou Egypte
Temple Edfou Egypte

The temple was also a place for many sacred festivals. One major event involved the goddess Hathor. She would travel south from her temple at Dendera to visit Horus at Edfu. This visit celebrated a sacred marriage and drew many pilgrims to the site. The inscriptions also describe a sacred drama. This drama showed the ancient conflict between the gods Horus and Seth. These stories helped the people understand the balance of the world.

Temple Edfou Egypte
Temple Edfou Egypte

For many centuries, the temple was almost completely hidden. Desert sand and river silt from the Nile covered the building. The sand reached a depth of 12 meters. Because it was buried, local people even built homes on top of the temple grounds. A French expedition identified the site in 1798. Later, in 1860, a French Egyptologist named Auguste Mariette began the work of clearing the sand. He worked to free the temple from the earth so it could be studied again.

Temple Edfou Egypte
Temple Edfou Egypte

Today, the Temple of Edfu is a major destination for tourism. Many riverboats cruising the Nile stop there to visit the site. In 2005, the temple area was updated with a new visitor center and a paved carpark. A lighting system was also added in late 2006. This allows people to visit the temple at night. The temple's design has even influenced architecture in other countries. For example, the Temple Works in Leeds, England, copied the style of the courtyard columns found at Edfu.

Temple Edfou Egypte
Temple Edfou Egypte
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