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Tang dynasty

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The Tang dynasty was a major imperial dynasty of China. It ruled from 618 to 907. Historians often call this period a golden age. This was because of its cosmopolitan culture. A cosmopolitan culture is one that is diverse and includes many different people. The Tang territory was very large. It rivaled the size of the previous Han dynasty.

China, 742
China, 742

The dynasty began during the decline of the Sui dynasty. The Li family founded the empire. Emperor Gaozu, born Li Yuan, was the first leader. He was a former governor with military experience. He rose in rebellion in 617. In 618, he declared himself emperor. His son, Li Shimin, eventually took the throne. He is known as Emperor Taizong. Taizong was a highly capable leader. He listened to the advice of his council. He even built Buddhist monasteries to honor those lost in war.

Emperor Taizong gives an audience to the ambassador of Tibet
Emperor Taizong gives an audience to the ambassador of Tibet

One unique period occurred between 690 and 705. This was an interregnum, or a gap in the regular rule. Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne during this time. She established the Wu Zhou dynasty. She was the only legitimate empress regnant in Chinese history. An empress regnant is a woman who rules in her own right. She used the Great Cloud Sutra to support her rule. This text predicted a female monarch would bring peace. Wu Zetian also helped people from different clans enter politics. This reduced the power of the old northwest aristocracy.

Li Xian's tomb, palace ladies
Li Xian's tomb, palace ladies

The Tang government used a civil-service system to function. They recruited scholar-officials through standardized examinations. These exams ensured that officials were highly educated. The empire also used a protectorate system. This allowed the Tang to control distant regions indirectly. To protect trade, they maintained massive armies. These troops guarded the Silk Road trade routes. These routes were vital for moving goods and ideas.

Civilserviceexam1
Civilserviceexam1

At its height, the Tang was incredibly prosperous. This peak occurred during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. He ruled for 44 years. He was a progressive leader. In 747, he abolished the death penalty. The capital city was Chang'an. It was the most populous city in the world. The empire's population grew significantly. It started at about 50 million people. By the end of the dynasty, it reached 80 million.

Culture flourished in many different ways. The Tang era is famous for its poetry. Great poets like Li Bai and Du Fu lived then. Their works are part of the Three Hundred Tang Poems. Art also reached new levels. Painters like Han Gan and Zhang Xuan were very active. Musicians played instruments like the pipa.

Palefrenier menant deux chevaux par Han Gan
Palefrenier menant deux chevaux par Han Gan

New technologies also appeared. One major innovation was woodblock printing. This helped spread information more easily. Buddhism also became a major influence on culture.

Jingangjing
Jingangjing

However, the dynasty eventually faced decline. The An Lushan rebellion began in 755. This rebellion lasted until 763. It caused massive devastation. It weakened the central authority of the emperor. During the 9th century, regional military governors called jiedushi rose to power. These governors undermined the civil order. Later, agrarian rebellions caused widespread poverty. They also caused mass population displacement. The central government could no longer function well. This led to the end of the dynasty in 907.

Mogao Cave 61, painting of Mount Wutai monasteries
Mogao Cave 61, painting of Mount Wutai monasteries
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File:China, 742.svg
China, 742.svg
File:Church of the East in the Middle Ages.svg
Church of the East in the Middle Ages.svg
File:"History of China" for template heading.svg
"History of China" for template heading.svg
File:Jingangjing.jpg
Jingangjing.jpg
File:"Lan-ting Xu" Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion, copy by an artist in the Tang dynasty - Google Art Project.jpg
"Lan-ting Xu" Preface to the Poems...
File:Civilserviceexam1.jpg
Civilserviceexam1.jpg
File:102 S-312 Tang Kaiyuan, Gaozu, 618-626 ff, 25mm.jpg
102 S-312 Tang Kaiyuan, Gaozu, 618-626...
File:Nanchan Temple 1.JPG
Nanchan Temple 1.JPG
File:Li Xian's tomb, palace ladies.jpg
Li Xian's tomb, palace ladies.jpg
File:Mirror with phoenixes, birds, and flowers - Google Art Project.jpg
Mirror with phoenixes, birds, and flowers...
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EightySevenCelestials3.jpg
File:Anonymous-Describing the Doctrine Under a Tree.jpg
Anonymous-Describing the Doctrine Under a Tree.jpg

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