Sound change

The way we speak can change. One sound might turn into a new sound. Sometimes, a sound might go away. These changes happen over a long time.

Some sounds change to be more like others. This is called assimilation. Other sounds might switch places. This is called metathesis.

Sometimes sounds are lost. This can happen at the start or end of a word. A sound might also disappear from the middle.

These changes happen in many lands. They happen to all kinds of speech. Even writing cannot stop these changes.

Language is always moving and growing.

The way we speak can change over time. This is called sound change. It happens when speech sounds shift or turn into new ones. Sometimes, a sound might even disappear. These changes happen in all languages. Even writing and media cannot stop them.

Some changes happen in a regular way. This means the change follows a set of rules. It happens to many words at once. Other changes are sporadic. This means they only happen to a few words.

There are many ways sounds can shift. In assimilation, one sound becomes more like another sound. In metathesis, two sounds switch places. For example, the old word "thridda" became "third" in Middle English.

Sometimes, sounds are lost. This can happen at the start of a word. It can happen in the middle or at the end. This is called elision. Another way sounds are lost is haplology. This is when a syllable disappears because it is similar to the one next to it. For example, "Englaland" became "England."

Languages are always moving and changing. One way they do this is through sound change. This happens when the way people pronounce words shifts over time. Sometimes a single sound is replaced by a new one. Other times, two different sounds might merge into one. A new sound might even be added to a language. These changes happen in every language across the world. Even writing and modern media cannot stop these shifts from occurring.

Linguists study how these sounds shift using special rules. Many believe that sound change is regular. This means it happens mechanically whenever certain conditions are met. It does not care about what a word means. If a rule applies to one word, it should apply to others. Some changes are called sporadic because they only affect a few words. These might happen because of borrowing from other dialects. Other changes might follow a pattern called grammatical analogy.

In the 19th century, a group called the Neogrammarians studied this. They used the term "sound law" to describe regular changes. They wanted to show how sounds change like the laws of physics. Today, we still use names like Grimm's law or Grassmann's law. These names honor the people who discovered them. While real sound laws sometimes have exceptions, they are very helpful. They allow researchers to use the comparative method to study history.

There are many specific ways that sounds can transform. In assimilation, one sound becomes more like a neighbor. For example, the Latin prefix "kom-" became "con-" in some words. In dissimilation, sounds become less like each other. Metathesis is when two sounds switch their places. An example is the Old English word "thridda" becoming "third." Sometimes, sounds are lost through a process called elision. This can happen at the start, middle, or end of a word.

Scientists use symbols to write down these history lessons. They use an arrow to show a change. For example, a symbol might show a sound in an old language turning into a new one. They also use symbols to show where a sound is in a word. A symbol can show if a sound is at the very beginning. It can show if a sound is at the very end. This helps us map the long journey of a language.

In the field of historical linguistics, sound change refers to shifts in how a language is pronounced over time. These shifts are not just random accidents. They represent fundamental movements in a language's sound system. A sound change can involve a phonetic change, where one specific speech sound is replaced by another. It can also be a phonological change, which is a broader shift in the system. This might involve the merger of two distinct sounds into one. Alternatively, a completely new sound might be added to the language. Sound change is a diachronic process. This means it happens across different periods of history. It is different from alternation, which happens within a single time period. For example, the English plural "-s" sounds different in "bets" than in "beds." This is an alternation because it depends on neighboring sounds but does not change the underlying system.

Linguists often study sound change using the assumption of regularity. This means a change is expected to apply mechanically whenever its specific conditions are met. It should happen regardless of the meaning of the words. If a rule applies to one word, it should apply to all words with that structure. Some changes are described as sporadic. These are changes that affect only a few specific words without a clear pattern. These exceptions might happen because of dialect borrowing or grammatical analogy. In the 19th century, a group called the Neogrammarians introduced the term "sound law." They viewed these regular changes as being similar to the laws of physics. Today, we still use names like Grimm's law or Grassmann's law to honor these discoveries. These "laws" help researchers use the comparative method to map linguistic history.

Sound change follows specific principles that guide how it functions. One principle is that sound change has no memory. This means a new change cannot target a sound based on its original identity if that sound has already merged with another. For example, if two sounds become one, a later change cannot affect only the original version of one of those sounds. Another principle is that sound change generally ignores grammar. A change might only care about phonological constraints, such as whether a syllable is stressed. It usually does not target specific parts of speech, like adjectives. However, changes can sometimes be regularized within inflectional paradigms. This happens when a change moves from being purely phonological to being morphological in nature.

There is also a debate regarding how widely a change spreads. The traditional Neogrammarian view is that sound change is exceptionless. If the criteria for a change are met, it should affect every possible sound in that position. However, modern linguistics includes the theory of lexical diffusion. This theory suggests that sound change does not always hit every word at once. Instead, it might start in some words and gradually expand to the entire lexicon. We can see this in the history of Spanish. The fronting of the Vulgar Latin voiced velar stop [g] eventually reached every possible word. In contrast, the voicing of the Latin [k] to [g] was not universal. It occurred in words like "golpe" but not in "caña."

Linguists use a specific formal notation to track these transformations. They use an arrow to show the direction of change. The symbol "A > B" means sound A in an older stage changed into sound B in a newer stage. They can also use "B < A" to show the same relationship. To show the environment where a change happens, they use slashes. For example, "A > B / X__Y" means A changes to B when it is between X and Y. They also use the symbol "#" to mark word boundaries. The notation "/__#" means the change happens at the end of a word. This notation allows scientists to write complex histories in a very compact way.

There are many different types of phonetic changes that linguists name. Assimilation occurs when one sound becomes more like a neighbor. In Latin, the prefix "kom-" became "con-" before certain sounds. Dissimilation is the opposite, where sounds become less like each other. This is often a sporadic event, though Grassmann's Law in Sanskrit is a systematic example. Metathesis is when two sounds switch their places, such as "thridda" becoming "third" in English. Some changes involve the strength of a sound. Lenition is the weakening of a consonant, while fortition is its strengthening. Vowels can also undergo reduction, often becoming a neutral "schwa" sound in unstressed syllables.

Other specific processes describe the loss or gain of sounds. Haplology is the loss of a syllable when adjacent syllables are similar. An example is how "Englaland" became "England." There are also several terms for the loss of sounds: elision, aphaeresis, syncope, and apocope. Elision is the general loss of unstressed sounds. Aphaeresis is the loss of a sound at the beginning of a word. Syncope is the loss of a sound in the middle of a word, like in the French word "état." Finally, apocope is the loss of a sound at the end of a word. These processes show how languages are constantly evolving and shifting through time.