Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
🧬

Sole (fish)

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

A sole is a type of marine flatfish. These fish belong to the suborder Pleuronectoidei. This group includes many different families of fish. Most people use the name "sole" to describe fish in the family Soleidae. However, the name is used more broadly in different parts of the world. In the Americas, the name applies to the family Achiridae. These American soles can live in both marine and freshwater environments.

Solea solea 1
Solea solea 1

The name "sole" itself has interesting origins. In English, French, and Italian, the word comes from a Latin term. This Latin word refers to a sandal. The name describes the flat shape of the fish. In other languages, the names focus on the shape of a tongue. For example, Greek and German speakers use names meaning "tongue." In Spanish, the name translates to "dragon tongue." Arabic speakers use a term meaning "the tongue of ox."

Lined sole
Lined sole

There are several distinct types of fish that fall under the name sole. The first group is the true soles in the family Soleidae. This includes the common or Dover sole, known scientifically as Solea solea. In Europe, these are the only fish called soles. The second group is the American soles, which belong to the family Achiridae. A third group includes the tonguefishes, or tongue soles, in the family Cynoglossidae. Finally, some righteye flounders in the family Pleuronectidae are also called soles. These include the lemon sole, the Pacific Dover sole, and the petrale sole.

Solea solea 1
Solea solea 1

Researchers have documented these fish for many decades. Alan Davidson wrote important studies on seafood. He published work on Mediterranean seafood in 1972. He also wrote about North Atlantic seafood in 1979. Other historical records help us understand the language used for these fish. For instance, a dictionary from 1896 provides details on the Latin etymology. These records help scientists and historians track how we classify and name sea life.

Lined sole
Lined sole

Many sole populations are currently facing serious threats from overfishing. In the North Sea, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) lists sole as being outside safe biological limits. This is similar to other bottom-feeding fish like cod, monkfish, and plaice. In the western English Channel and the Irish Sea, fisheries face a potential collapse. This risk is noted in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. In 2006, the World Wildlife Fund reported that seven of nine sole stocks were overfished.

Solea solea 1
Solea solea 1

Environmental data shows how much these populations have changed. In 2003, world stocks of large predatory and ground fish were estimated at only 10% of pre-industrial levels. This includes fish like sole and flounder. The age of the fish is also changing due to these pressures. While sole can reach forty years of age, they are now growing less quickly. Many sole are rarely older than six years old today.

Lined sole
Lined sole

The way we catch fish also impacts the survival of the sole. Many are caught using beam trawlers. These methods often have a very high bycatch rate. Bycatch occurs when other species are caught unintentionally in the nets. Because of this, Greenpeace International added the common sole to its seafood red list in 2010. This red list identifies fish sold in supermarkets that have a high risk of being unsustainable. Understanding these connections helps us see how fishing methods affect the whole ocean system.

Lined sole
Lined sole
550 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (2)
File:Solea solea 1.jpg
Solea solea 1.jpg
File:Lined sole.jpg
Lined sole.jpg
More to explore

✨ What else?

Related topics you might enjoy

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.