Social stratification

People live in different layers.

These layers can be based on jobs. They can be based on power, too. Some groups have more rights. Other groups have fewer rights.

In many lands, there are three main groups. There is an upper class. There is a middle class. There is a lower class.

Sometimes, people can move between layers. This is called moving up or down. In some places, it is hard to move.

These layers are found in many societies. They can stay the same for a long time. It is a part of how people live together.

Social stratification is a way to group people into layers. These layers are often called strata. People are placed in these groups based on things like wealth, jobs, or power.

In many Western societies, there are three main classes. These are the upper class, the middle class, and the lower class. Each class can be split into even smaller groups. Some groups are also formed by family ties or caste. A caste is a system where your place is set at birth. In a caste system, it is very hard to move to a new layer.

Some systems are more open. In open systems, people can move between layers. This movement is called social mobility. Moving between layers can happen during a person's life. It can also happen between parents and their children.

Different thinkers have ideas about why these layers exist. Some say layers help keep a society stable. Others say layers are unfair because resources are not shared equally. These layers are found in almost every society in the world.

Social stratification is a way to group people into layers. The word comes from the Latin word "stratum," which means layers. These layers are like levels in a building. People are put into these groups based on many things. They might be grouped by wealth or how much money they earn. Other factors include their jobs, their education, or their race. It can also involve things like gender or social status. This system creates a hierarchy. A hierarchy is a ranking where some groups have more privileges than others.

This ranking system works through several different processes. First, societies decide which goods and resources are most valuable. Next, they create rules to hand out these resources. These rules decide who gets things like money or power based on their job. For example, a doctor might get different resources than a farmer. Finally, there are processes for social mobility. Social mobility is the way people move between the different layers. Some systems are open, which means people can move up or down. Other systems are closed, like a caste system. In a caste system, your position is set at birth.

Many thinkers have studied why these layers exist. In 1927, a sociologist named Pitirim Sorokin wrote a book called "Social Mobility." He helped introduce these ideas to the world. Later, Karl Marx looked at these layers through a different lens. He focused on how people own the tools used to make things. Marx believed society was split into two main groups. One group owned the means of production. The other group had to sell their labor to survive. He also spoke of the petite bourgeoisie, which is a small business class. He even mentioned the lumpenproletariat, which is an underclass with very little status.

There are many specific facts about how these groups look. In modern Western societies, we often see three main classes. These are the upper class, the middle class, and the lower class. Each of these can be split into even smaller groups. For example, you might hear about the "upper middle" class. In some places, social layers are based on kinship or tribes. Some thinkers, like Talcott Parsons, said universal values help keep society stable. Other people, like Ralf Dahrendorf, noted that the middle class is growing. This happens because modern economies need many educated workers.

Understanding stratification helps us see how the world is organized. It shows us why some people have more resources than others. It also explains how people can change their lives through movement. We can see these patterns in history and in our own lives. Whether in a small tribe or a huge nation, layers often appear. Even when societies change, the way they rank people stays important. By looking at these layers, we can learn how different societies function and grow.

Social stratification describes how a society categorizes its people into hierarchical layers. The term comes from the Latin word *stratum*, which means layers. These layers are not just groups of people; they are rankings of socioeconomic tiers. People are placed into these tiers based on factors like wealth, income, and occupation. Other factors include race, education, ethnicity, gender, and social status. Stratification also involves derived power, which refers to social and political influence. This system creates a hierarchy where different groups have different levels of privilege.

These social systems function through three specific components. First, social-institutional processes define which goods are considered valuable or desirable. Second, rules of allocation determine how those goods are distributed. These rules assign resources based on a person's position in the division of labor. For example, a physician may receive different resources than a farmer. Third, social mobility processes link individuals to these specific positions. This movement determines how much control different people have over valued resources.

Societies can be classified by how much movement is possible between these layers. An open stratification system allows for social mobility. In these systems, people can move between layers by achieving certain status characteristics. This includes both intragenerational mobility, which happens during a person's life, and intergenerational mobility, which happens between generations. Conversely, a closed stratification system allows little to no mobility. A caste system is a famous example of a closed system. In such a system, a person's social position is ascribed at birth and lasts a lifetime.

The study of these layers has a long history in social science. The Russian-American sociologist Pitirim Sorokin introduced the concepts of social stratification and social mobility in his 1927 book, *Social Mobility*. In modern Western societies, stratification is often divided into three major classes: upper, middle, and lower. Each of these classes can be further subdivided into smaller strata, such as the "upper middle" class. Some researchers debate whether stratification began in hunter-gatherer societies or with the rise of agriculture. Generally, as a society becomes more complex, it tends to show more social differentiation.

Different sociological theories offer different views on why these inequalities exist. Conflict theories, such as Marxism, argue that stratification is caused by unequal access to resources. Karl Marx focused on the relationship to the means of production. He identified the bourgeoisie as the owners of these means and the proletariat as the laboring class. He also identified the petite bourgeoisie, a small business class, and the lumpenproletariat, an underclass with very little status. Marx believed the ruling class used ideology to maintain power over the working class.

Other thinkers viewed stratification as a way to maintain order. Structural functionalists, such as Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore, proposed the Davis-Moore hypothesis. They argued that social inequality is necessary for a smooth-running society. They suggested that high-income jobs are often difficult and require high levels of education. Therefore, high compensation acts as a motivator for people to strive for these important roles. Talcott Parsons also suggested that universal values help regulate social stability and order.

Modern changes continue to shape how these layers function. The sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf noted that the middle class has expanded in many Western societies. This is due to the need for an educated workforce in technological economies. Meanwhile, dependency theory looks at how globalization affects the status of workers in the third world. Despite these changes, four principles remain consistent. Stratification is a property of society, it is reproduced across generations, it is universal but variable, and it involves qualitative beliefs about status.