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Second Intifada

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The Second Intifada was a major period of Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation. The term "intifada" comes from an Arabic word meaning "the shaking off." This period is also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada. It occurred in the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and parts of Israel. The conflict was characterized by intense and prolonged violence. It fundamentally changed the relationship between Israelis and Palestinians.

Intifada deaths
Intifada deaths

To understand this period, one must look at the failed peace processes. In 1993 and 1995, the Oslo Accords were signed. These agreements aimed to create Palestinian self-rule through the Palestinian Authority. Israel committed to a phased withdrawal from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank. However, the process left both sides deeply disappointed. Palestinian freedom of movement reportedly worsened between 1993 and 2000. Many people blamed each other for the failure of these peace efforts.

West Bank July 2008 CIA remote-sensing map 3000px
West Bank July 2008 CIA remote-sensing map 3000px

A critical turning point was the Camp David Summit in July 2000. President Bill Clinton, Prime Minister Ehud Barak, and Chairman Yasser Arafat met to negotiate. They faced five main obstacles: borders, Jerusalem, refugees, security, and settlements. The talks ultimately failed, and each side blamed the other. This failure led to significant political fracturing within the Palestinian leadership. Many people joined groups like Hamas and Islamic Jihad instead of the PLO.

The violence escalated significantly in late September 2000. On September 28, Israeli politician Ariel Sharon visited the Temple Mount. This site is the holiest in Judaism and the third holiest in Islam. While the visit was peaceful, it sparked massive protests and riots. Israeli police used tear gas, rubber bullets, and live ammunition to respond. Within the first few weeks, over 100 Palestinian protesters were killed. In just the first few days, the Israeli military fired one million rounds of ammunition.

Andartnazareth
Andartnazareth

The nature of the conflict changed quickly from civilian protests to armed struggle. Palestinian militant groups carried out a series of suicide bombings. After March 2001, these factions conducted approximately 138 suicide bombings. These attacks primarily targeted Israeli civilians. In response, Israeli security forces used gunfights, tank attacks, and airstrikes. Palestinians used gunfights, stone-throwing, and rocket attacks. This era introduced a new and intense brand of violence to the region.

Autobus v Haifě
Autobus v Haifě
Rockets and mortar February 2009
Rockets and mortar February 2009

The human cost of the Second Intifada was very high. Combined figures for combatants and civilians estimate approximately 3,000 Palestinian deaths. There were also approximately 1,000 Israeli deaths. Additionally, 64 foreign nationals lost their lives during the fighting. The conflict saw heavy use of military equipment. This included Israeli tanks and armored bulldozers in Palestinian areas.

ג'נין חומת מגן 1
ג'נין חומת מגן 1
IDF-D9L003
IDF-D9L003

The hostilities finally ended with the Sharm el-Sheikh Summit in 2005. Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon met there. They agreed to take definitive steps to de-escalate the violence. They reaffirmed their commitment to the "roadmap for peace" proposed in 2003. As part of the agreement, Sharon promised to release 900 Palestinian prisoners. He also stated that Israeli troops would withdraw from some re-occupied parts of the West Bank.

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🖼️ Images & Media (16)
File:West Bank July 2008 CIA remote-sensing map 3000px.jpg
West Bank July 2008 CIA remote-sensing...
File:Andartnazareth.jpg
Andartnazareth.jpg
File:Residents run away during a home demolition in Gaza during the second intifada.jpg
Residents run away during a home...
File:Dolphinarium Massacre memorial in Tel Aviv.JPG
Dolphinarium Massacre memorial in Tel Aviv.JPG
File:Karin A weapons.jpg
Karin A weapons.jpg
File:IDF-D9L003.jpg
IDF-D9L003.jpg
File:ג'נין חומת מגן 1.jpg
ג'נין חומת מגן 1.jpg
File:חומת מגן 37.jpg
חומת מגן 37.jpg
File:Autobus v Haifě.jpg
Autobus v Haifě.jpg
File:IDF-Caterpillar-D9N-1133.jpg
IDF-Caterpillar-D9N-1133.jpg
File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - 40 Kilogram Explosive Found At Bottom of Tunnel.jpg
Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - 40...
Gaza Strip Access Restrictions.pdf

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